{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T22:48:36Z","timestamp":1775256516538,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ke428\/8-1, Ke428\/10-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ke428\/8-1, Ke428\/10-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001655","name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CN_A\/12\/97080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN_A\/12\/97080"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004493","name":"International Atomic Energy Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004493","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"African Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2540-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T15:36:10Z","timestamp":1514561770000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Molecular screening of tsetse flies and cattle reveal different Trypanosoma species including T. grayi and T. theileri in northern Cameroon"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sen Claudine Henriette","family":"Ngomtcho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judith Sophie","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Ngo Bum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thaddeus Terlumun","family":"Gbem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u00f8rge","family":"Kelm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mbunkah Daniel","family":"Achukwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2540_CR1","volume-title":"Control and surveillance of human African trypanosomiasis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Control and surveillance of human African trypanosomiasis. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014."},{"key":"2540_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05180.x","volume":"60","author":"C Hu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hu C, Aksoy S. Innate immune responses regulate trypanosome parasite infection of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans. Mol Microbiol. 2006;60:1194\u2013204.","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"2540_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(29)90831-2","volume":"23","author":"CA Hoare","year":"1929","unstructured":"Hoare CA. Studies on Trypanosoma grayi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1929;23:39\u201356.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2540_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2008.09.010","volume":"9","author":"ES Krafsur","year":"2009","unstructured":"Krafsur ES. Tsetse flies: genetics, evolution, and role as vectors. Infect Genet Evol. 2009;9:124\u201341.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"2540_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2013026","volume":"20","author":"F Baldacchino","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baldacchino F, Muenworn V, Desquesnes M, Desoli F, Charoenviriyaphap T, Duvallet G. Transmission of pathogens by Stomoxys flies (Diptera, Muscidae): a review. Parasite. 2013;20:26.","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"2540_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.9465","volume":"48","author":"P Solano","year":"1995","unstructured":"Solano P, Delafosse SA. Trypanosoma congolense chez diff\u00e9rentes esp\u00e8ces de taons (Diptera: Tabanidae) au Burkina Faso. Revue Elev M\u00e9d V\u00e9t Pays Trop. 1995;48:145\u20136.","journal-title":"Revue Elev M\u00e9d V\u00e9t Pays Trop"},{"key":"2540_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.50.071803.130443","volume":"50","author":"RH Gooding","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gooding RH, Krafsur ES. Tsetse genetics: contributions to biology, systematics, and control of tsetse flies. Annu Rev Entomol. 2005;50:101\u201323.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"key":"2540_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.02.003","volume":"29","author":"NA Dyer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dyer NA, Rose C, Ejeh NO, Acosta-Serrano A. Flying tryps: survival and maturation of trypanosomes in tsetse flies. Trends Parasitol. 2013;29:188\u201396.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"2540_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(89)90033-8","volume":"46","author":"SK Moloo","year":"1989","unstructured":"Moloo SK, Gray MA. New observations on cyclical development of Trypanosoma vivax in Glossina. Acta Trop. 1989;46:167\u201372.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2540_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.31190","volume":"62","author":"A Mamoudou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mamoudou A, Zoli A, Van den Bossche P, Delespaux V, Cuisance D, Geerts S. Half a century of tsetse and animal trypanosomosis control on the Adamawa plateau in Cameroon. Revue Elev M\u00e9d V\u00e9t Pays Trop. 2009;62:33\u20138.","journal-title":"Revue Elev M\u00e9d V\u00e9t Pays Trop"},{"key":"2540_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.10099","volume":"63","author":"C Tanenbe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tanenbe C, Gambo H, Musongong GA, Boris O, Achukwi MD. Pr\u00e9valence de la trypanosomose bovine dans les d\u00e9partements du Faro et D\u00e9o, et de la Vina au Cameroun: bilan de vingt ann\u00e9es de lutte contre les glossines. Revue Elev M\u00e9d V\u00e9t Pays Trop. 2010;63:63\u20139.","journal-title":"Revue Elev M\u00e9d V\u00e9t Pays Trop"},{"key":"2540_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.06.033","volume":"142","author":"A Mamoudou","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mamoudou A, Zoli A, Mbahin N, Tanenbe C, Bourdanne, Clausen PH, et al. Prevalence and incidence of bovine trypanosomosis on the Adamaoua plateau in Cameroon 10 years after the tsetse eradication campaign. Vet Parasitol. 2006;142:16\u201322.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2540_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Njiokou F, Laveissi\u00e8re C, Simo G, Nkinin S, Gr\u00e9baut P, Cuny G, et al. Wild fauna as a probable animal reservoir for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in Cameroon. Infect Genet Evol. 2006;6:147\u201353.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2005.04.003"},{"key":"2540_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2010171061","volume":"17","author":"F Njiokou","year":"2010","unstructured":"Njiokou F, Nimpaye H, Simo G, Njitchouang GR, Asonganyi T, Cuny G, et al. Domestic animals as potential reservoir hosts of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in sleeping sickness foci in Cameroon. Parasite. 2010;17:61\u20136.","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"2540_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-374","volume":"7","author":"G Simo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Simo G, Mbida Mbida JA, Ebo\u2019o Eyenga V, Asonganyi T, Njiokou F, Gr\u00e9baut P. Challenges towards the elimination of human African trypanosomiasis in the sleeping sickness focus of campo in southern Cameroon. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:374.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"2540_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1156-z","volume":"8","author":"G Simo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Simo G, Fongho P, Farikou O, Ndjeuto-Tchouli PIN, Tchouomene-Labou J, Njiokou F, et al. Trypanosome infection rates in tsetse flies in the \u201csilent\u201d sleeping sickness focus of Bafia in the Centre region in Cameroon. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:528.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"2540_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.02.003","volume":"106","author":"A Mamoudou","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mamoudou A, Delespaux V, Chepnda V, Hachimou Z, Andrikaye JP, Zoli A, et al. Assessment of the occurrence of trypanocidal drug resistance in trypanosomes of naturally infected cattle in the Adamaoua region of Cameroon using the standard mouse test and molecular tools. Acta Trop. 2008;106:115\u20138.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2540_CR18","first-page":"807","volume":"15","author":"MD Achukwi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Achukwi MD, Musongong GA. Trypanosomosis in the Doayo\/Namchi (Bos taurus) and zebu white Fulani (Bos indicus) cattle in Faro division, North Cameroon. J App Biosc. 2009;15:807\u201314.","journal-title":"J App Biosc"},{"key":"2540_CR19","first-page":"44","volume":"3","author":"SE Mpouam","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mpouam SE, Achukwi MD, Feussom Kameni JM, Ouedraogo GA. Serological and parasitological prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in small holder farms of the Vina division, Adamawa region of Cameroon. J Parasitol Vector Biol. 2011;3:44\u201351.","journal-title":"J Parasitol Vector Biol"},{"key":"2540_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2015.813-818","volume":"8","author":"A Mamoudou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mamoudou A, Payne VK, Sevidzem SL. Hematocrit alterations and its effects in naturally infected indigenous cattle breeds due to Trypanosoma spp. on the Adamawa plateau - Cameroon. Vet World. 2015;8:813\u20138.","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"2540_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibson WC, Dukes P, Gashumba JK. Species-specific DNA probes for the identification of African trypanosomes in tsetse flies. Parasitology. 1988;97(1):63\u201373.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000066749"},{"key":"2540_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(92)90047-O","volume":"22","author":"DK Masiga","year":"1992","unstructured":"Masiga DK, Smyth AJ, Hayes P, Bromidge TJ, Gibson WC. Sensitive detection of trypanosomes in tsetse flies by DNA amplification. Int J Parasitol. 1992;22:909\u201318.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"2540_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00313-8","volume":"110","author":"D Geysen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Geysen D, Delespaux V, Geerts S. PCR-RFLP using SSU-rDNA amplification as an easy method for species-specific diagnosis of Trypanosoma species in cattle. Vet Parasitol. 2003;110:171\u201380.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2540_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2006.10.002","volume":"100","author":"ER Adams","year":"2006","unstructured":"Adams ER, Malele II, Msangi AR, Gibson WC. Trypanosome identification in wild tsetse populations in Tanzania using generic primers to amplify the ribosomal RNA ITS1 region. Acta Trop. 2006;100:103\u20139.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2540_CR25","unstructured":"National Institute of Statisitics, Cameroon. The population and housing census of Cameroon. Available from: http:\/\/cameroon.opendataforafrica.org\/rfdefze\/census-data . Accessed on 22 Mar 2017."},{"key":"2540_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1217","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001217","volume":"5","author":"N Kon\u00e9","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kon\u00e9 N, Bouyer J, Ravel S, Vreysen MJB, Domagni KT, Causse S, et al. Contrasting population structures of two vectors of African trypanosomoses in Burkina Faso: consequences for control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5:e1217.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2540_CR27","volume-title":"Collection of entomological baseline data for tsetse area-wide integrated pest management programmes","author":"S Leak","year":"2008","unstructured":"Leak S, Ejigu D, Vreysen M. Collection of entomological baseline data for tsetse area-wide integrated pest management programmes. Geneva: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2008."},{"key":"2540_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2008.07.011","volume":"49","author":"NA Dyer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dyer NA, Lawton SP, Ravel S, Choi KS, Lehane MJ, Robinson AS, et al. Molecular phylogenetics of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) based on mitochondrial (COI, 16S, ND2) and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences, with an emphasis on the palpalis group. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2008;49:227\u201339.","journal-title":"Mol Phylogenet Evol"},{"key":"2540_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2011.09.001","volume":"41","author":"HA Garcia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Garcia HA, Rodrigues AC, Martinkovic F, Minervino AHH, Campaner M, Nunes VLB, et al. Multilocus phylogeographical analysis of Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) genotypes from sympatric cattle and water buffalo populations supports evolutionary host constraint and close phylogenetic relationships with genotypes found in other ruminants. Int J Parasitol. 2011;41:1385\u201396.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"2540_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.03.017","volume":"180","author":"HA Garcia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Garcia HA, Kamyingkird K, Rodrigues AC, Jittapalapong S, Teixeira MMG, Desquesnes M. High genetic diversity in field isolates of Trypanosoma theileri assessed by analysis of cathepsin L-like sequences disclosed multiple and new genotypes infecting cattle in Thailand. Vet Parasitol. 2011;180:363\u20137.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2540_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dolezel D, Jirk\u016f M, Maslov DA, Lukes J. Phylogeny of the bodonid flagellates (Kinetoplastida) based on small-subunit rRNA gene sequences. Int J Sys Evol Microbiol. 2000;50(5):1943\u201351.","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-50-5-1943"},{"key":"2540_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4236\/ae.2013.11001","volume":"01","author":"MD Achukwi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Achukwi MD, Gillingwater J, Michel Njan Nloga A, Simo G. Lack of evidence for sufficiently isolated populations of Glossina morsitans submorsitans on the Adamawa plateau of Cameroon following geometric morphometric analysis. Adv Entomol. 2013;01:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Adv Entomol"},{"key":"2540_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.10.008","volume":"10","author":"O Farikou","year":"2010","unstructured":"Farikou O, Njiokou F, Mbida Mbida JA, Njitchouang GR, Djeunga HN, Asonganyi T, et al. Tripartite interactions between tsetse flies, Sodalis glossinidius and trypanosomes - an epidemiological approach in two historical human African trypanosomiasis foci in Cameroon. Infect Genet Evol. 2010;10:115\u201321.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"2540_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-201","volume":"5","author":"G Simo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Simo G, Silatsa B, Flobert N, Lutumba P, Mansinsa P, Madinga J, et al. Identification of different trypanosome species in the mid-guts of tsetse flies of the Malanga (Kimpese) sleeping sickness focus of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:201.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"2540_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2601","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002601","volume":"8","author":"D Kaba","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kaba D, Zacarie T, M\u2019pondi AM, Njiokou F, Bosson-Vanga H, Kr\u00f6ber T, et al. Standardising visual control devices for tsetse flies: central and west African species Glossina palpalis palpalis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8:e2601.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2540_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8809(99)00103-6","volume":"77","author":"RS Reid","year":"2000","unstructured":"Reid RS, Kruska RL, Deichmann U, Thornton PK. Human population growth and the extinction of the tsetse fly. Agric Ecosys Env. 2000;77:227\u201336.","journal-title":"Agric Ecosys Env"},{"key":"2540_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.9871","volume":"56","author":"C Mahama","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mahama C, Hussein ZAM, Abavana M, Kon\u00e9 A, Sidibe I, Geerts S. Tsetse and trypanosomoses in Ghana in the twentieth century: a review. Revue Elev M\u00e9d V\u00e9t Pays Trop. 2003;56:27\u201332.","journal-title":"Revue Elev M\u00e9d V\u00e9t Pays Trop"},{"key":"2540_CR38","first-page":"66","volume":"7","author":"LK Tongue","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tongue LK, Acapovi-Yao GL, Kaba D, Abah S, Nchiwan EN. Updating tsetse distribution: presence of Austenina subgenus group in Northern Cameroon. J Basic Appl Res Int. 2015;7:66\u201372.","journal-title":"J Basic Appl Res Int"},{"key":"2540_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2007.07.013","volume":"8","author":"ER Adams","year":"2008","unstructured":"Adams ER, Hamilton PB, Malele II, Gibson WC. The identification, diversity and prevalence of trypanosomes in field caught tsetse in Tanzania using ITS-1 primers and fluorescent fragment length barcoding. Infect Genet Evol. 2008;8:439\u201344.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"2540_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00047","volume":"3","author":"J Bouyer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bouyer J, Kon\u00e9 N, Bengaly Z. Dynamics of tsetse natural infection rates in the Mouhoun River, Burkina Faso, in relation with environmental factors. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2013;3:47.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2540_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(98)00014-X","volume":"70","author":"I Morlais","year":"1998","unstructured":"Morlais I, Gr\u00e9baut P, Bodo JM, Djoha S, Cuny G, Herder S. Detection and identification of trypanosomes by polymerase chain reaction in wild tsetse flies in Cameroon. Acta Trop. 1998;70:109\u201317.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2540_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.8852","volume":"43","author":"D Bourzat","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bourzat D, Gouteux JP. Donn\u00e9es pr\u00e9liminaires sur le contact glossines-petits ruminants dans le massif forestier du Mayombe, Congo. Revue Elev M\u00e9d V\u00e9t Pays Trop. 1990;43:199\u2013206.","journal-title":"Revue Elev M\u00e9d V\u00e9t Pays Trop"},{"key":"2540_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1996.11813082","volume":"90","author":"JP Gouteux","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gouteux JP, Gibson WC. Detection of infections of Trypanosoma grayi in Glossina fuscipes fuscipes in the Central African Republic. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1996;90:555\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"2540_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00932190","volume":"79","author":"E Minter-Goedbloed","year":"1993","unstructured":"Minter-Goedbloed E, Leake CJ, Minter DM, McNamara J, Kimber C, Bastien P, et al. Trypanosoma varani and T. grayi-like trypanosomes: development in vitro and in insect hosts. Parasitol Res. 1993;79:329\u201333.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"2540_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2008.10.011","volume":"9","author":"PB Hamilton","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hamilton PB, Adams ER, Njiokou F, Gibson WC, Cuny G, Herder S. Phylogenetic analysis reveals the presence of the Trypanosoma cruzi clade in African terrestrial mammals. Infect Genet Evol. 2009;9:81\u20136.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"2540_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-313","volume":"6","author":"BR Fermino","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fermino BR, Viola LB, Paiva F, Garcia HA, de Paula CD, Botero-Arias R, et al. The phylogeography of trypanosomes from south American alligatorids and African crocodilids is consistent with the geological history of south American river basins and the transoceanic dispersal of Crocodylus at the Miocene. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:313.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"2540_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140024","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2014.24","volume":"1","author":"S Kelly","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kelly S, Ivens A, Manna PT, Gibson W, Field MC. A draft genome for the African crocodilian trypanosome Trypanosoma grayi. Sci Data. 2014;1:140024.","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"2540_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1994.1081","volume":"79","author":"I Maudlin","year":"1994","unstructured":"Maudlin I, Welburn SC. Maturation of trypanosome infections in tsetse. Exp Parasitol. 1994;79:202\u20135.","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"2540_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1179\/000349804225003028","volume":"98","author":"S Ravel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ravel S, Gr\u00e9baut P, Mariani C, Jamonneau V, Cuisance D, Gooding RH, et al. Monitoring the susceptibility of Glossina palpalis gambiensis and G. morsitans morsitans to experimental infection with savannah-type Trypanosoma congolense, using the polymerase chain reaction. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2004;98:29\u201336.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"2540_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1997.tb00402.x","volume":"11","author":"JM Reifenberg","year":"1997","unstructured":"Reifenberg JM, Cuisance D, Fr\u00e9zil JL, Cuny G, Duvallet G. Comparison of the susceptibility of different Glossina species to simple and mixed infections with Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense savannah and riverine forest types. Med Vet Entomol. 1997;11:246\u201352.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"2540_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(65)90060-X","volume":"59","author":"AM Jordan","year":"1965","unstructured":"Jordan AM. The hosts of Glossina as the main factor affecting trypanosome infection rates of tsetse flies in Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1965;59:423\u201331.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2540_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099005983","volume":"120","author":"MJ Lehane","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lehane MJ, Msangi AR, Whitaker CJ, Lehane SM. Grouping of trypanosome species in mixed infections in Glossina pallidipes. Parasitology. 2000;120(6):583\u201392.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2540_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1498-1","volume":"9","author":"A Mamoudou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mamoudou A, Njanloga A, Hayatou A, Suh PF, Achukwi MD. Animal trypanosomosis in clinically healthy cattle of north Cameroon: epidemiological implications. Parasit Vectors. 2016;9:206.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"2540_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00538199","volume":"73","author":"R B\u00f6se","year":"1987","unstructured":"B\u00f6se R, Friedhoff KT, Olbrich S, B\u00fcscher G, Domeyer I. Transmission of Trypanosoma theileri to cattle by Tabanidae. Parasitol Res. 1987;73:421\u20134.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"2540_CR55","first-page":"181","volume":"36","author":"A Aeschlimann","year":"1979","unstructured":"Aeschlimann A, Burgdorfer W, Matile H, P\u00e9ter O, Wyler R. Aspects nouveaux du r\u00f4le de vecteur jou\u00e9 par Ixodes ricinus L. en Suisse. Note pr\u00e9liminaire. Acta Trop. 1979;36:181\u201391.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2540_CR56","first-page":"291","volume":"7","author":"B Kenaw","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kenaw B, Dinede G. Trypanosomosis and its associated risks in cattle population of Dangur District of Benishangul Gumuz regional state, western Ethiopia. Eur J App Sci. 2015;7:291\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur J App Sci"},{"key":"2540_CR57","first-page":"85","volume":"14","author":"G Dinede","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dinede G, Aki A. Epidemiology of cattle trypanosomosis and associated anaemia in Mandura district. Nat Sci. 2016;14:85\u201390.","journal-title":"Nat Sci"},{"key":"2540_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.04.004","volume":"92","author":"Y Adam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Adam Y, Marcotty T, Cecchi G, Mahama CI, Solano P, Bengaly Z, et al. Bovine trypanosomosis in the upper west region of Ghana: entomological, parasitological and serological cross-sectional surveys. Res Vet Sci. 2012;92:462\u20138.","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"2540_CR59","first-page":"00050","volume":"2","author":"A Aki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aki A, Wogayehu Y, Chirkena K, Beyene G, Tekeba E, Teka G, et al. Epidemiology of cattle trypanosomosis and its vector density in Bullen district. Int J Vaccines Vaccin. 2016;2:00050.","journal-title":"Int J Vaccines Vaccin"},{"key":"2540_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.04.037","volume":"197","author":"AC Fisher","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fisher AC, Schuster G, Cobb WJ, James AM, Cooper SM, de Le\u00f3n AAP, et al. Molecular characterization of Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) spp. infecting cattle (Bos taurus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis) in the United States. Vet Parasitol. 2013;197:29\u201342.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2540_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2004.04.011","volume":"92","author":"F Njiokou","year":"2004","unstructured":"Njiokou F, Simo G, Nkinin SW, Laveissi\u00e8re C, Herder S. Infection rate of Trypanosoma brucei s.L., T. vivax, T. congolense \u201cforest type,\u201d and T. simiae in small wild vertebrates in south Cameroon. Acta Trop. 2004;92:139\u201346.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-017-2540-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T15:02:36Z","timestamp":1660230156000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-017-2540-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2540"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-017-2540-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"article-number":"631"}}