{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T03:29:48Z","timestamp":1777433388668,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,4]],"date-time":"2018-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522800000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014054","name":"DNDi","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Partial fianncial support through drugs"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Partial fianncial support through drugs"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2799-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,19]],"date-time":"2018-04-19T14:02:55Z","timestamp":1524146575000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Heterogeneity in the in vitro susceptibility of Loa loa microfilariae to drugs commonly used in parasitological infections"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Abdel J.","family":"Njouendou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fanny F.","family":"Fombad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maeghan","family":"O\u2019Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Zofou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuck","family":"Nutting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick C.","family":"Ndongmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arnaud J.","family":"Kengne-Ouafo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy G.","family":"Geary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles D.","family":"Mackenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0022-8366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Wanji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2799_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1210","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001210","volume":"5","author":"HG Zoure","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zoure HG, Wanji S, Noma M, Amazigo UV, Diggle PJ, Tekle AH, Remme JH. The geographic distribution of Loa loa in Africa: results of large-scale implementation of the Rapid Assessment Procedure for Loiasis (RAPLOA). PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5:e1210.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2799_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.05.1023","volume":"16","author":"S Antinori","year":"2012","unstructured":"Antinori S, Schifanella L, Million M, Galimberti L, Ferraris L, Mandia L, et al. Imported Loa loa filariasis: three cases and a review of cases reported in non-endemic countries in the past 25 years. Int J Infect Dis. 2012;16:e649\u201362.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2799_CR3","first-page":"649","volume":"79","author":"G Boulesteix","year":"1986","unstructured":"Boulesteix G, Carme B. Enc\u00e9phalite au cours du traitement de la filariose \u00e0 Loa loa par la di\u00e9thylcarbamazine. A propos de 6 observations. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 1986;79:649\u201354.","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot"},{"issue":"9070","key":"2799_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)11094-1","volume":"350","author":"J Gardon","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gardon J, Gardon-Wendel N, Demanga N, Kamgno J, Chippaux J-P, Boussinesq M. Serious reactions after mass treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin in an area endemic for Loa loa infection. Lancet. 1997;350(9070):18\u201322.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2799_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(96)40006-0","volume":"12","author":"J-P Chippaux","year":"1996","unstructured":"Chippaux J-P, Boussinesq M, Gardon J, Gardon-Wendel N, Ernould J-C. Severe adverse reaction risks during mass treatment with ivermectin in loiasis-endemic areas. Parasitol Today. 1996;12:448\u201350.","journal-title":"Parasitol Today"},{"key":"2799_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.78.546","volume":"78","author":"J Kamgno","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kamgno J, Boussinesq M, Labrousse F, Nkegoum B, Thylefors BI, Mackenzie CD. Encephalopathy after ivermectin treatment in a patient infected with Loa loa and Plasmodium spp. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008;78:546\u201351.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2799_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-75991-3","volume-title":"The baboon in biomedical research","author":"JL VandeBerg","year":"2009","unstructured":"VandeBerg JL, Williams-Blangero S, Tardif SD. The baboon in biomedical research. New York: Springer; 2009."},{"key":"2799_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004184","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004184","volume":"9","author":"S Wanji","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wanji S, Amvongo-Adjia N, Koudou B, Njouendou AJ, Chounna Ndongmo PW, Kengne-Ouafo JA, et al. Cross-reactivity of filariais ICT cards in areas of contrasting endemicity of Loa loa and Mansonella perstans in Cameroon: Implications for shrinking of the lymphatic filariasis map in the Central African region. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9:e0004184.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2799_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0358","volume":"91","author":"DK Bakajika","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bakajika DK, Nigo MM, Lotsima JP, Masikini GA, Fischer K, Lloyd MM, et al. Filarial antigenemia and Loa loa night blood microfilaremia in an area without bancroftian filariasis in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;91:1142\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2799_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-43","volume":"5","author":"N Tendongfor","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tendongfor N, Wanji S, Ngwa JC, Esum ME, Specht S, Enyong P, et al. The human parasite Loa loa in cytokine and cytokine receptor gene knock out BALB\/c mice: survival, development and localization. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:43.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"2799_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azzibrouck GB, Akue JP, Lenoble DR. Production and immunological characterization of a recombinant subunit of a Loa loa polyprotein antigen. Parasitology. 2010;137:1119\u201328.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009991740"},{"key":"2799_CR12","unstructured":"Orihel TC, Eberhard ML. Loa loa:\u00a0development and course of patency in experimentally-infected primates. Trop Med Parasitol. 1985;36:215\u201324."},{"key":"2799_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orihel TC, Moore PJ. Loa loa: experimental infection in two species of African primates. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1975;24:606\u20139.","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1975.24.606"},{"key":"2799_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-1910-2","volume":"107","author":"LE Mengome","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mengome LE, Akue JP, Souza A, Feuya Tchoua GR, Nsi Emvo E. In vitro activities of plant extracts on human Loa loa isolates and cytotoxicity for eukaryotic cells. Parasitol Res. 2010;107:643\u201350.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"2799_CR15","first-page":"47","volume":"35","author":"E Devaney","year":"1984","unstructured":"Devaney E, Howells RE. The microfilaricidal activity of ivermectin in vitro and in vivo. Trop Med Parasitol. 1984;35:47\u20139.","journal-title":"Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"2799_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreno Y, Nabhan JF, Solomon J, Mackenzie CD, Geary TG. Ivermectin disrupts the function of the excretory-secretory apparatus in microfilariae of Brugia malayi. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107:20120\u20135.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011983107"},{"key":"2799_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv062","volume":"212","author":"TG Geary","year":"2015","unstructured":"Geary TG, Mackenzie CD. Adding \u201cfilaricide\u201d to the Gleevec portfolio. J Infect Dis. 2015;212:677\u201380.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2799_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv065","volume":"212","author":"EM O\u2019Connell","year":"2015","unstructured":"O\u2019Connell EM, Bennuru S, Steel C, Dolan MA, Nutman TB. Targeting filarial Abl-like kinases: orally available, Food and Drug Administration-approved tyrosine kinase inhibitors are microfilaricidal and macrofilaricidal. J Infect Dis. 2015;212:684\u201393.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2799_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.11.30","volume":"9","author":"CD Mackenzie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mackenzie CD, Geary TG. Flubendazole: a candidate macrofilaricide for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis field programs. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther. 2011;9:497\u2013501.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther"},{"key":"2799_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(88)90029-6","volume":"82","author":"I Van Kerckhoven","year":"1988","unstructured":"Van Kerckhoven I, Kumar V. Macrofilaricidal activity of oral flubendazole on Brugia pahangi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1988;82:890\u20131.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2799_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(79)90018-X","volume":"73","author":"DA Denham","year":"1979","unstructured":"Denham DA, Samad R, Cho SY, Suswillo RR, Skippins SC. The anthelmintic effects of flubendazole on Brugia pahangi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1979;73:673\u20136.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2799_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(81)90343-6","volume":"75","author":"JW Mak","year":"1981","unstructured":"Mak JW. Antifilarial activity of mebendazole and flubendazole on Breinlia booliati. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1981;75:306\u20137.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2799_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-1-18","volume":"1","author":"B Bronsvoort","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bronsvoort B, Makepeace B, Renz A, Tanya V, Fleckenstein L, Ekale D, Trees A. UMF-078: A modified flubendazole with potent macrofilaricidal activity against Onchocerca ochengi in African cattle. Parasit Vectors. 2008;1:18.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"2799_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00011494","volume":"62","author":"S Townson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Townson S, Dobinson A, Connelly C, Muller R. Chemotherapy of Onchocerca lienalis microfilariae in mice: a model for the evaluation of novel compounds for the treatment of onchocerciasis. J Helminthol. 1988;62:181\u201394.","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"2799_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0390","volume":"98","author":"M O\u2019Neill","year":"2018","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill M, Njouendou JA, Dzimianski M, Burkman E, Ndongmo PC, Kengne-Ouafo JA, et al. Potential role for flubendazole in limiting filariasis transmission: observations of microfilarial sensitivity. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;98:21\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2799_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-014-0489-4","volume":"40","author":"OM Abou-Shady","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abou-Shady OM, Mohammed SS, Attia SS, Yusuf H-AS, Helmy DO. Therapeutic effect of mefloquine on Schistosoma mansoni in experimental infection in mice. J Parasit Dis. 2016;40:259\u201367.","journal-title":"J Parasit Dis"},{"key":"2799_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobaz.2014.09.002","volume":"67","author":"SR Fahmy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fahmy SR, Rabia I, Mansour EM. The potential role of mefloquine against Schistosoma mansoni infection by prohibition of hepatic oxidative stress in mice. J Basic Appl Zool. 2014;67:40\u20137.","journal-title":"J Basic Appl Zool"},{"key":"2799_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-0276108022013011","volume":"108","author":"K Kato","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kato K, Miura M, Mitsui Y. In vitro effects of amodiaquine on paired Schistosoma mansoni adult worms at concentrations of less than 5 \u03bcg\/ml. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2013;108:192\u20136.","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"2799_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1086\/422759","volume":"190","author":"MF Oliveira","year":"2004","unstructured":"Oliveira MF, d\u2019Avila JC, Tempone AJ, Corre\u00e2 Soares JB, Rumjanek FD, Ferreira-Pereira A, et al. Inhibition of heme aggregation by chloroquine reduces Schistosoma mansoni infection. J Infect Dis. 2004;190:843\u201352.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2799_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2975","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002975","volume":"8","author":"J Keiser","year":"2014","unstructured":"Keiser J, Silue KD, Adiossan LK, N\u2019Guessan NA, Monsan N, Utzinger J, N\u2019Goran EK. Praziquantel, mefloquine-praziquantel, and mefloquine-artesunate-praziquantel against Schistosoma haematobium: a randomized, exploratory, open-label trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8:e2975.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2799_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-9-57","volume":"9","author":"P Simarro","year":"2010","unstructured":"Simarro P, Cecchi G, Paone M, Franco J, Diarra A, Ruiz J, et al. The atlas of human African trypanosomiasis: a contribution to global mapping of neglected tropical diseases. Int J Health Geogr. 2010;9:57.","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"2799_CR32","first-page":"4","volume":"e923","author":"E Torreele","year":"2010","unstructured":"Torreele E, Trunz BB, Tweats D, Kaiser M, Brun R, Mazu\u00e9 G, et al. Fexinidazole - a new oral nitroimidazole drug candidate entering clinical development for the treatment of sleeping sickness. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;e923:4.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2799_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-014-0136-3","volume":"53","author":"A Tarral","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tarral A, Blesson S, Mordt OV, Torreele E, Sassella D, Bray MA, et al. Determination of an optimal dosing regimen for fexinidazole, a novel oral drug for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis: first-in-human studies. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2014;53:565\u201380.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"2799_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2012.05.001","volume":"12","author":"P M\u00e4ser","year":"2012","unstructured":"M\u00e4ser P, Wittlin S, Rottmann M, Wenzler T, Kaiser M, Brun R. Antiparasitic agents: new drugs on the horizon. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2012;12:562\u20136.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2799_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5602","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00246-11","volume":"55","author":"M Kaiser","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kaiser M, Bray MA, Cal M, Bourdin Trunz B, Torreele E, Brun R. Antitrypanosomal activity of fexinidazole, a new oral nitroimidazole drug candidate for treatment of sleeping sickness. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55:5602\u20138.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2799_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1151","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001151","volume":"5","author":"RT Jacobs","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jacobs RT, Nare B, Wring SA, Orr MD, Chen D, Sligar JM, et al. SCYX-7158, an orally-active benzoxaborole for the treatment of stage 2 human African trypanosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5:e1151.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2799_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2002.00845.x","volume":"7","author":"S Wanji","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wanji S, Tendongfor N, Esum ME, Enyong P. Chrysops silacea biting densities and transmission potential in an endemic area of human loiasis in south-west Cameroon. Tropical Med Int Health. 2002;7:371\u20137.","journal-title":"Tropical Med Int Health"},{"key":"2799_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004202","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004202","volume":"9","author":"S Wanji","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wanji S, Eyong EE, Tendongfor N, Ngwa C, Esuka E, Kengne-Ouafo A, et al. Parasitological, hematological and biochemical characteristics of a model of hyper-microfilariaemic loiasis (Loa loa) in the baboon (Papio anubis). PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9:e0004202.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2799_CR39","first-page":"497","volume":"79","author":"R Chandrashekar","year":"1984","unstructured":"Chandrashekar R, Rao UR, Rajasekariah GR, Subrahmanyam D. Isolation of microfilariae from blood on iso-osmotic percoll gradients. Indian J Med Res. 1984;79:497\u2013501.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"2799_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1986.35.148","volume":"35","author":"M Van Hoegaerden","year":"1986","unstructured":"Van Hoegaerden M, Ivanoff B. A rapid, simple method for isolation of viable microfilariae. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1986;35:148\u201351.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2799_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Njouendou AJ, Ritter M, Ndongmo WPC, Kien CA, Narcisse GTV, Fombad FF, et al. Successful long-term maintenance of Mansonella perstans in an in vitro culture system. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10:563.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2515-8"},{"key":"2799_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(89)90024-6","volume":"19","author":"JC Comley","year":"1989","unstructured":"Comley JC, Rees MJ, Turner CH, Jenkins DC. Colorimetric quantitation of filarial viability. Int J Parasitol. 1989;19:77\u201383.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"2799_CR43","first-page":"311","volume":"40","author":"JC Comley","year":"1989","unstructured":"Comley JC, Townson S, Rees MJ, Dobinson A. The further application of MTT-formazan colorimetry to studies on filarial worm viability. Trop Med Parasitol. 1989;40:311\u20136.","journal-title":"Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"2799_CR44","first-page":"15","volume":"35","author":"P Tippawangkosol","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tippawangkosol P, Choochote W, Na-Bangchang K, Jitpakdi A, Pitasawat B, Riyong D. Comparative assessment of the in vitro sensitivity of Brugia malayi infective larvae to albendazole, diethylcarbamazine and ivermectin alone and in combination. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2004;35:15\u201321.","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"2799_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1985.34.529","volume":"34","author":"H Francis","year":"1985","unstructured":"Francis H, Awadzi K, Ottesen EA. The Mazzotti reaction following treatment of onchocerciasis with diethylcarbamazine: clinical severity as a function of infection intensity. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1985;34:529\u201336.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"8317","key":"2799_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)92753-8","volume":"1","author":"A Dominguez-Vazquez","year":"1983","unstructured":"Dominguez-Vazquez A, Taylor HR, Greene BM, Ruvalcaba-Macias AM, Rivas-Alcala AR, Murphy RP, Beltran-Hernandez F. Comparison of flubendazole and diethylcarbamazine in treatment of onchocerciasis. Lancet. 1983;1(8317):139\u201343.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2799_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(93)90010-9","volume":"52","author":"H Zahner","year":"1993","unstructured":"Zahner H, Schares G. Experimental chemotherapy of filariasis: comparative evaluation of the efficacy of filaricidal compounds in Mastomys coucha infected with Litomosoides carinii, Acanthocheilonema viteae, Brugia malayi and B. pahangi. Acta Trop. 1993;52:221\u201366.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2799_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0573","volume":"82","author":"J Kamgno","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kamgno J, Djomo PN, Pion SD, Thylefors B, Boussinesq M. A controlled trial to assess the effect of quinine, chloroquine, amodiaquine, and artesunate on Loa loa microfilaremia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010;82:379\u201385.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2799_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(91)90372-6","volume":"85","author":"RH Guderian","year":"1991","unstructured":"Guderian RH, Anselmi M, Beck BJ, Mackenzie CD, Williams JF, Proano JR, Cooper PJ. The effect of antimalarial chloroquine therapy and prophylaxis on concurrent infection with Onchocerca volvulus in Ecuador. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1991;85:634\u20138.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2799_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0003523","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003523","volume":"9","author":"CS Nutting","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nutting CS, Eversole RR, Blair K, Specht S, Nutman TB, Klion AD, et al. Analysis of nematode motion using an improved light-scatter based system. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9:e0003523.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2799_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1329","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001329","volume":"5","author":"JP Akue","year":"2011","unstructured":"Akue JP, Nkoghe D, Padilla C, Moussavou G, Moukana H, Mbou RA, et al. Epidemiology of concomitant infection due to Loa loa and Mansonella perstans in Gabon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5:e1329.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"8497","key":"2799_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)92571-7","volume":"328","author":"C Hollands","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hollands C. The animals (scientific procedures) Act 1986. Lancet. 1986;328(8497):32\u20133.","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-018-2799-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-018-2799-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-018-2799-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T09:15:18Z","timestamp":1589879718000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-018-2799-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,4]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2799"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-018-2799-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 February 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 March 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 April 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Baboons (Papio anubis) used as parasite reservoir were handled according to international legislation and guidelines of the Cameroon National Veterinary Laboratory (LANVET, Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Industry). The study design as well as different protocols was approved by the REFOTDE Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (RIAEC), with an ethical clearance obtained from this board, and the Cameroon National Ethics Committee (Ministry of Public Health). Handling of the animals and the investigations carried out were done strictly according to the international guidelines of rearing animals and using them in medical research under the official authorisation of the Ministry of Scientific Research in Cameroon (Research permit N\u00b0 028\/MINRESI\/B00\/C00\/\/C10\/C12\/2007). The manipulations of the animals were done strictly according to the Animal Welfare Legislation and Policies, complied with the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 (ASPA) and its associated codes of practice on animal housing and care []. Human participants were not involved in this study. Previous works that used the same procedures are [,].","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"223"}}