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NIMR\/HQ\/R.8a\/Vol.IX\/2107) and the University of Cambridge Human Biology Research Ethics Committee (HBREC.2015.28). The purpose of the study and procedures for sample collection were explained to the school children, adults in the communities, local leaders, school administrators, education personnel, teachers and health personnel before requesting for urine samples. Inclusion criteria for school children were based on the provision of assent for participation. Parents\/guardians of school children attending Ikingwamanoti primary school were asked to provide signed\/marked consent for their children to be included in the study. Only children who assented to participate and had parental or guardian\u2019s consent were eligible for inclusion. Each child recruited into the study was assigned with a unique identification number that linked samples and results. 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