{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,19]],"date-time":"2026-07-19T04:01:46Z","timestamp":1784433706283,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,16]],"date-time":"2018-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539648000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013432","name":"National Center for Veterinary Parasitology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013432","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3133-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,16]],"date-time":"2018-10-16T10:03:34Z","timestamp":1539684214000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["A cryptic species of Onchocerca (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) in blackflies (Simulium spp.) from southern California, USA"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Guilherme G","family":"Verocai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly J","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R Trey","family":"Callahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph Wakoli","family":"Wekesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan K","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric P","family":"Hoberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"3133_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2016.12.009","volume":"47","author":"E Lefoulon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lefoulon E, Giannelli A, Makepeace BL, Mutafchiev Y, Townson S, Uni S, et al. Whence river blindness? The domestication of mammals and host-parasite coevolution in the nematode genus Onchocerca. Int J Parasitol. 2017;47:457\u201370.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol."},{"key":"3133_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851994215.0000","volume-title":"Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. Their Development and Transmission","author":"RC Anderson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Anderson RC. Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. Their Development and Transmission. Wallingford: CABI Publishing; 2000."},{"key":"3133_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1981565503","volume":"56","author":"O Bain","year":"1981","unstructured":"Bain O. Le genre Onchocerca: Hypoth\u00e8ses sur son \u00e9volution et cl\u00e9 dichotomique des esp\u00e8ces. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp. 1981;56:503\u201326.","journal-title":"Ann Parasitol Hum Comp."},{"key":"3133_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite2007143199","volume":"14","author":"S Uni","year":"2007","unstructured":"Uni S, Bain O, Agatsuma T, Harada M, Torii H, Fukuda M, Takaoka H. Onchocerca eberhardi n. sp. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from sika deer in Japan; relationships between species parasitic in cervids and bovids in the Holarctic region. Parasite. 2007;14:199\u2013211.","journal-title":"Parasite."},{"key":"3133_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2015.07.001","volume":"64","author":"S Uni","year":"2015","unstructured":"Uni S, Fukuda M, Agatsuma T, Bain O, Otsuka Y, Nakatani J, et al. Onchocerca takaokai n. sp. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in Japanese wild boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax): description and molecular identification of intradermal females. Parasitol Int. 2015;64:493\u2013502.","journal-title":"Parasitol Int."},{"key":"3133_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1994014349","volume":"1","author":"K Yagi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Yagi K, Bain O, Shoho C. Onchocerca suzukii n. sp. and Onchocerca skrjabini (=O. tarsicola) from a relict bovid, Capricornis crispus, in Japan. Parasite. 1994;1:349\u201356.","journal-title":"Parasite."},{"key":"3133_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182012001758","volume":"140","author":"QS McFrederick","year":"2013","unstructured":"McFrederick QS, Haselkorn TS, Verocai GG, Jaenicke J. Cryptic Onchocerca species infecting North American cervids, with implications for the evolutionary history of host association in Onchocerca. Parasitology. 2013;140:1201\u201310.","journal-title":"Parasitology."},{"key":"3133_CR8","first-page":"202","volume":"110","author":"EE Wehr","year":"1935","unstructured":"Wehr EE, Dikmans G. New nematodes (Filariidae) from North America ruminants. Zool Anz. 1935;110:202\u20138.","journal-title":"Zool Anz."},{"key":"3133_CR9","first-page":"557","volume":"4-5","author":"YC Caballero","year":"1954","unstructured":"Caballero YC. Morfologia y posicion sistematica de Onchocerca cervipedis. Rev Bras Biol. 1954;4-5:557\u201362.","journal-title":"Rev Bras Biol."},{"key":"3133_CR10","first-page":"177","volume":"68","author":"RA Carreno","year":"2001","unstructured":"Carreno RA, Durden LA, Brooks DR, Abrams A, Hoberg EP. Parelaphostrongylus tenuis (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae) and other parasites of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Costa Rica. Comp Parasitol. 2001;68:177\u201384.","journal-title":"Comp Parasitol."},{"key":"3133_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-242","volume":"5","author":"GG Verocai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Verocai GG, Lejeune M, Beckmen KB, Kashivakura CK, Veitch AM, Popko R, et al. Defining parasite biodiversity at high latitudes of North America: new host and geographic records for Onchocerca cervipedis (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) in moose and caribou. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:242.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"3133_CR12","first-page":"246","volume":"19","author":"G Dikmans","year":"1933","unstructured":"Dikmans G. Onchocerca flexuosa from the subcutaneous tissues of an antelope and subcutaneous abscesses of a deer. J Parasitol. 1933;19:246.","journal-title":"J Parasitol."},{"key":"3133_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.5962\/p.345047","volume":"90","author":"WA Low","year":"1976","unstructured":"Low WA. Parasites of woodland caribou in Tweedsmuir Provincial Park, British Columbia. Can Field-Nat. 1976;90:189\u201391.","journal-title":"Can Field-Nat"},{"key":"3133_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/jof\/40.7.540","volume":"40","author":"RM De Nio","year":"1942","unstructured":"De Nio RM, West RM. The foot-worm disease in deer on the Northern Rocky Mountain Region. J Forest. 1942;40:540\u20133.","journal-title":"J Forest."},{"key":"3133_CR15","first-page":"182","volume":"32","author":"CM Herman","year":"1946","unstructured":"Herman CM, Bischoff AI. The footworm parasite of deer. Calif Fish Game. 1946;32:182\u201390.","journal-title":"Calif Fish Game."},{"key":"3133_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2307\/1376619","volume":"39","author":"RW Ritcey","year":"1958","unstructured":"Ritcey RW, Edwards RY. Parasites and diseases of the Wells Gray moose herd. J Mammal. 1958;39:139\u201345.","journal-title":"J Mammal."},{"key":"3133_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/16.1.70","volume":"16","author":"WM Rush","year":"1935","unstructured":"Rush WM. Onchocerciasis: a new disease in the white-tailed deer of Montana. J Mammal. 1935;16:70\u20131.","journal-title":"J Mammal."},{"key":"3133_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1139\/z76-034","volume":"54","author":"WM Samuel","year":"1976","unstructured":"Samuel WM, Barrett MW, Lynch GM. Helminths in moose of Alberta. Can J Zool. 1976;54:307\u201312.","journal-title":"Can J Zool."},{"key":"3133_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2307\/1376172","volume":"39","author":"RB Williams","year":"1958","unstructured":"Williams RB, Babero BB. Onchocerca in an Alaskan moose. J Mammal. 1958;39:449\u201350.","journal-title":"J Mammal."},{"key":"3133_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2105.142011","volume":"21","author":"HK Hassan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hassan HK, Bolcen S, Kubofcik J, Nutman TB, Eberhard ML, Middleton K, et al. Isolation of Onchocerca lupi in dogs and ies, California, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21:789\u201396.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"3133_CR21","unstructured":"Sanchez Rojas G, Gallina Tessaro S. Odocoileus hemionus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. www.iucnredlist.org\/pdflink.22162113 . Accessed 11 May 2018."},{"key":"3133_CR22","volume-title":"The black flies (Simuliidae) of North America","author":"PH Adler","year":"2004","unstructured":"Adler PH, Currie DC, Wood M. The black flies (Simuliidae) of North America. New York: Comstock Books; 2004."},{"key":"3133_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000007149","volume":"122","author":"M Casiraghi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Casiraghi M, Anderson TJC, Bandi C, Bazzocchi C, Genchi C. A phylogenetic analysis of filarial nematodes: comparison with the phylogeny of Wolbachia endosymbionts. Parasitology. 2001;122:93\u2013103.","journal-title":"Parasitology."},{"key":"3133_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1079\/JOH2006331","volume":"80","author":"R Morales-Hojas","year":"2006","unstructured":"Morales-Hojas R, Checke RA, Post RJ. Molecular systematics of five Onchocerca species (Nematoda: Filarioidea) including the human parasite, O. volvulus, suggest sympatric speciation. J Helminthol. 2006;80:281\u201390.","journal-title":"J Helminthol."},{"key":"3133_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-006-0113-y","volume":"121","author":"T Kitano","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kitano T, Umetsu K, Tian W, Osawa M. Two universal primer sets for species identification among vertebrates. Int J Legal Med. 2007;121:423\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med."},{"key":"3133_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054","volume":"33","author":"S Kumar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kumar S, Stecher G, Tamura K. MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol Biol Evol. 2016;33:1870\u20134.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol."},{"key":"3133_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004233","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004233","volume":"9","author":"E Lefoulon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lefoulon E, Bain O, Bourret J, Junker K, Guerrero R, Ca\u00f1izales I, et al. Shaking the tree: multi-locus sequence typing usurps current onchocercid (filarial nematode) phylogeny. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9:e0004233.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"3133_CR28","unstructured":"Adler PH, Crosskey RW. World blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): A comprehensive revision of the taxonomic and geographical inventory. 2018. https:\/\/biomia.sites.clemson.edu\/pdfs\/blackflyinventory.pdf . Accessed 11 May 2018."},{"key":"3133_CR29","first-page":"652","volume-title":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference","author":"P Grubb","year":"2005","unstructured":"Grubb P. Order Artiodactyla. In: Wilson DE, Reeder DM, editors. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press; 2005. p. 652\u2013722."},{"key":"3133_CR30","volume-title":"Guidelines for stopping mass drug administration and verifying elimination of human onchocerciasis","author":"WHO","year":"2016","unstructured":"WHO. Guidelines for stopping mass drug administration and verifying elimination of human onchocerciasis. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. www.who.int\/onchocerciasis\/resources\/9789241510011\/en\/ . Accessed 20 April 2018"},{"key":"3133_CR31","volume-title":"Contributions to the biodiversity and biogeography of the genus Varestrongylus Bhalerao, 1932 (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae), lungworms of ungulates, with emphasis on a new Nearctic species. PhD thesis","author":"GG Verocai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Verocai GG. Contributions to the biodiversity and biogeography of the genus Varestrongylus Bhalerao, 1932 (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae), lungworms of ungulates, with emphasis on a new Nearctic species. PhD thesis, University of Calgary, Calgary; 2015."},{"key":"3133_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1139\/Z07-091","volume":"85","author":"SJ Kutz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kutz SJ, Asmundsson I, Hoberg EP, Appleyard GD, Jenkins EJ, Beckmen K, et al. Serendipitous discovery of a novel protostrongylid (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) in caribou, muskoxen, and moose from high latitudes of North America based on DNA sequence comparisons. Can J Zool. 2007;85:1143\u201356.","journal-title":"Can J Zool."},{"key":"3133_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.1999.00193.x","volume":"13","author":"DA Boakye","year":"1999","unstructured":"Boakye DA, Tang J, Truc P, Merriweather A, Unnasch TR. Indentification of bloodmeals in haematophagous Diptera by cytochrome B heteroduplex analysis. Med Vet Entomol. 1999;13:282\u20137.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol."},{"key":"3133_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-9.3.213","volume":"9","author":"CJ Weinmann","year":"1973","unstructured":"Weinmann CJ, Anderson JR, Longhurst WM, Conolly G. Filarial worms of Columbian black-tailed deer in California I. Observations in the vertebrate host. J Wildl Dis. 1973;9:213\u201320.","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis."},{"key":"3133_CR35","unstructured":"Pledger DJ. Black flies (Diptera, Simuliidae) of the Swan Hills, Alberta, as possible vectors of Onchocerca cervipedis Wehr & Dikmans 1935 (Nematoda; Onchocercidae) in moose (Alces alces Linnaeus). MSci Thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton; 1978."},{"key":"3133_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-28.3.476","volume":"28","author":"BA Mullens","year":"1992","unstructured":"Mullens BA, Dada CE. Insects feeding on desert bighorn sheep, domestic rabbits, and Japanese quail in the Santa Rosa Mountains of southern California. J Wildl Dis. 1992;28:476\u201380.","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis."},{"key":"3133_CR37","first-page":"323","volume":"56","author":"LA Lacey","year":"1980","unstructured":"Lacey LA, Mulla MS. Observations on the biology and distribution of Simulium tescorum (Diptera: Simuliidae) in California and adjacent areas. Pan-Pacific Entomol. 1980;56:323\u201331.","journal-title":"Pan-Pacific Entomol."},{"key":"3133_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S152","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2003.0120","volume":"271","author":"B Malmqvist","year":"2004","unstructured":"Malmqvist B, Strasevicius D, Hellgren O, Adler PH, Bensch S. Vertebrate host specificity of wildcaught blackflies revealed by mitochondrial DNA in blood. Proc Royal Soc B. 2004;271:S152\u20135.","journal-title":"Proc Royal Soc B."},{"key":"3133_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1993.tb00661.x","volume":"7","author":"FF Hunter","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hunter FF, Bayly R. ELISA for identification of blood meal source in black flies (Diptera, Simuliidae). J Med Entomol. 1991;7:105\u201310.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"3133_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.12.002","volume":"193","author":"AL Labelle","year":"2013","unstructured":"Labelle AL, Maddox CW, Daniels JB, Lanka S, Eggett TE, Dubielzig RR, Labelle P. Canine ocular onchocercosis in the United States is associated with Onchocerca lupi. Vet Parasitol. 2013;193:297\u2013301.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"3133_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2105.141812","volume":"21","author":"D Otranto","year":"2015","unstructured":"Otranto D, Giannelli A, Latrofa MS, Dantas-Torres F, Trumble NS, Chavkin M, et al. Canine infections with Onchocerca lupi nematodes, United States, 2011\u20132014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21:868\u201371.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"3133_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0699-3","volume":"8","author":"D Otranto","year":"2015","unstructured":"Otranto D, Giannelli A, Trumble NS, Chavkin M, Kennard G, Latrofa MS, et al. Clinical case presentation and a review of the literature of canine onchocercosis by Onchocerca lupi in the United States. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:89.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"3133_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12433","volume":"20","author":"NJ McLean","year":"2017","unstructured":"McLean NJ, Newkirk K, Adema CM. Canine ocular onchocerciasis: a retrospective review of the diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of 16 cases in New Mexico (2011\u20132015). Vet Ophthalmol. 2017;20:349\u201356.","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol."},{"key":"3133_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ983","volume":"62","author":"PT Cantey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cantey PT, Weeks J, Edwards M, Rao S, Ostovar GA, Dehority W, et al. The emergence of zoonotic Onchocerca lupi infection in the United States - a case-series. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62:778\u201383.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"3133_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1311.070017","volume":"13","author":"M Koehsler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Koehsler M, Soleiman A, Asp\u00f6ck H, Auer H, Walochnik J. Onchocerca jakutensis filariasis in humans. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:1749\u201352.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"3133_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1996032179","volume":"3","author":"H Takaoka","year":"1996","unstructured":"Takaoka H, Bain O, Tajimi S, Kashima K, Nakayama I, Korenaga M, et al. Second case of zoonotic Onchocerca infection in a resident of Oita in Japan. Parasite. 1996;3:179\u201382.","journal-title":"Parasite."},{"key":"3133_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2012.01023.x","volume":"26","author":"H Takaoka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Takaoka H, Fukuda M, Otsuka Y, Aoki C, Uni S, Bain O. Blackfly vectors of zoonotic onchocerciasis in Japan. Med Vet Entomol. 2012;26:372\u20138.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol."},{"key":"3133_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0835-0","volume":"8","author":"S Laaksonen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Laaksonen S, Oksanen A, Hoberg E. A lymphatic dwelling filarioid nematode, Rumenfilaria andersoni (Filarioidea; Splendidofilariinae), is an emerging parasite in Finnish cervids. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:228.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"3133_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20130553","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0553","volume":"370","author":"EP Hoberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hoberg EP, Brooks DR. Evolution in action: Climate change, biodiversity dynamics and emerging infectious disease. Philos Trans Royal Soc B. 2015;370:20130553.","journal-title":"Philos Trans Royal Soc B."},{"issue":"2","key":"3133_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-46702010000200001","volume":"27","author":"Salvatore J. Agosta","year":"2010","unstructured":"Agosta SJ, Janz N, Brooks DR. How specialists can be generalists: resolving the \u201cparasite paradox\u201d and implications for emerging infectious disease. Zoologia. 2010;27:151\u201362.","journal-title":"Zoologia (Curitiba)"},{"issue":"10","key":"3133_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0139225","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139225","volume":"10","author":"Sabrina B. L. Araujo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo SBL, Braga MP, Brooks DR, Agosta S, Hoberg EP, von Hathental F, Boeger WA. Understanding host-switching by ecological fitting. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0139225.","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"3133_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1654\/4724b.1","volume":"81","author":"DR Brooks","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brooks DR, Hoberg EP, Boeger WA, Gardner SL, Galbreath KE, Herczeg D, et al. Finding them before they find us: informatics, parasites, and environments in accelerating climate change. Comp Parasitol. 2014;81:155\u201364.","journal-title":"Comp Parasitol."},{"key":"3133_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-398457-9.00001-9","volume":"79","author":"EP Hoberg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hoberg EP, Galbreath KE, Cook JA, Kutz SJ, Polley L. Northern host-parasite assemblages: history and biogeography on the borderlands of episodic climate and environmental transition. Adv Parasitol. 2012;79:1\u201397.","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol."},{"key":"3133_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X17000347","volume":"91","author":"EP Hoberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hoberg EP, Cook JA, Agosta SJ, Boerger W, Galbreath KE, Laaksonen S, et al. Arctic systems in the Quaternary: ecological collision, faunal mosaics and the consequences of a wobbling climate. J Helminthol. 2017;91:409\u201321.","journal-title":"J Helminthol."},{"key":"3133_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.29.2.1972","volume":"29","author":"EP Hoberg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hoberg EP. Invasive processes, mosaics and the structure of helminth parasite faunas. Rev Sci Tech OIE. 2010;29:255\u201372.","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech OIE."},{"key":"3133_CR56","first-page":"7","volume-title":"The Geography of Host-Parasite Interactions","author":"EP Hoberg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hoberg EP, Brooks DR. Beyond vicariance: Integrating taxon pulses, ecological fitting and oscillation in historical biogeography and evolution. In: Morand S, Krasnov B, editors. The Geography of Host-Parasite Interactions. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2010. p. 7\u201320."},{"key":"3133_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0556-9","volume":"7","author":"GG Verocai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Verocai GG, Hoberg EP, Vik\u00f8ren T, Handeland K, Ytrehus B, Rezansoff AM, et al. Resurrection and redescription of Varestrongylus alces (Nematoda; Protostrongylidae), a lungworm of the Eurasian moose (Alces alces), with report on associated pathology. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:556.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"3133_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0557-8","volume":"7","author":"GG Verocai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Verocai GG, Kutz SJ, Simard M, Hoberg EP. Varestrongylus eleguneniensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae): a widespread, multi-host lungworm of wild North American ungulates, with an emended diagnosis for the genus and explorations of biogeography. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:557.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"3133_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1645\/14-621.1","volume":"101","author":"S Catalano","year":"2015","unstructured":"Catalano S, Lejeune M, van Paridon B, Pagan CA, Wasmuth JD, Tizzani P, et al. Morphological variability and molecular identification of Uncinaria spp. (Nematoda; Ancylostomatidae) from grizzly and black bears: new species or phenotypic plasticity? J Parasitol. 2015;101:182\u201392.","journal-title":"J Parasitol."},{"key":"3133_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-5893-8","volume":"117","author":"GG Verocai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verocai GG, Kutz SJ, Hoberg EP. Varestrongylus (Nematoda; Protostrongylidae), lungworms of ungulates: a phylogenetic framework based on comparative morphology. Parasitol Res. 2018;117:2075\u201383.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res."},{"key":"3133_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-5900-0","volume":"117","author":"GG Verocai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verocai GG, Kutz SJ, Hoberg EP. Historical biogeography among species of Varestrongylus lungworms (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae) in ungulates: episodic expansion and host colonization linking Eurasia and North America. Parasitol Res. 2018;117:2125\u201337.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res."},{"key":"3133_CR62","unstructured":"Gallina S, Lopez Arevalo H. Odocoileus virginianus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. www.iucnredlist.org\/pdflink.10691422 . Accessed 11 May 2018."}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-018-3133-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-018-3133-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-018-3133-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T20:15:22Z","timestamp":1775247322000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-018-3133-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,16]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-018-3133-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 May 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 October 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"547"}}