{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T18:34:48Z","timestamp":1784140488606,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3229-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]],"date-time":"2018-12-12T12:02:43Z","timestamp":1544616163000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Detection of Wolbachia and different trypanosome species in Glossina palpalis palpalis populations from three sleeping sickness foci of southern Cameroon"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sartrien Tagueu","family":"Kant\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tr\u00e9sor","family":"Melachio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elvis","family":"Ofon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flobert","family":"Njiokou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustave","family":"Simo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"3229_CR1","volume-title":"Control and surveillance of human African trypanosomiasis: report of WHO expert Committee","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2013","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Control and surveillance of human African trypanosomiasis: report of WHO expert Committee. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013."},{"key":"3229_CR2","first-page":"56","volume":"61","author":"EM F\u00e8vre","year":"2006","unstructured":"F\u00e8vre EM, Picozzi K, Jannin J, Welburn SC, Maudlin I. Human African trypanosomiasis: epidemiology and control. Adv Parasitol. 2006;61:56.","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol."},{"key":"3229_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31510-6","volume":"390","author":"P B\u00fcscher","year":"2017","unstructured":"B\u00fcscher P, Cecchi G, Jamonneau V, Priotto G. Human African trypanosomiasis. Lancet. 2017;390:2397\u2013409.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"3229_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franco JR, Cecchi G, Priotto G, Paone M, Diarra A, Grout L, et al. Monitoring the elimination of human African trypanosomiasis: update to 2014. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11:e0005585.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005585"},{"key":"3229_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1995.0117","volume":"261","author":"JH Werren","year":"1995","unstructured":"Werren JH, Zhang W, Guo LR. Evolution and phylogeny of Wolbachia: reproductive parasites of arthropods. Proc Biol Sci. 1995;261:55\u201371.","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"3229_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822011000200046","volume":"42","author":"HS Marcon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marcon HS, Coscrato VE, Selivon D, Perondini ALP, Marino CL. Variations in the sensitivity of different primers for detecting Wolbachia in Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae). Braz J Microbiol. 2011;42:778\u201385.","journal-title":"Braz J Microbiol."},{"key":"3229_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1969","volume":"6","author":"JH Werren","year":"2008","unstructured":"Werren JH, Baldo L, Clark ME. Wolbachia: master manipulators of invertebrate biology. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2008;6:741\u201351.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol."},{"key":"3229_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4072","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.14164","volume":"26","author":"J Martinez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martinez J, Tolosana I, Ok S, Smith S, Snoeck K, Day JP, et al. Symbiont strain is the main determinant of variation in Wolbachia-mediated protection against viruses across Drosophila species. Mol Ecol. 2017;26:4072\u201384.","journal-title":"Mol Ecol."},{"key":"3229_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2011(73)90141-9","volume":"22","author":"JH Yen","year":"1973","unstructured":"Yen JH, Barr AR. The etiological agent of cytoplasmic incompatibility in Culex pipiens. J Invert Pathol. 1973;22:242\u201350.","journal-title":"J Invert Pathol."},{"key":"3229_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2004.03.025","volume":"34","author":"SP Sinkins","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sinkins SP. Wolbachia and cytoplasmique incompatibility in mosquitoes. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2004;34:723\u20139.","journal-title":"Insect Biochem Mol Biol."},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"3229_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2012.04.002","volume":"112","author":"S Balmand","year":"2013","unstructured":"Balmand S, Lohs C, Aksoy S, Heddi A. Tissue distribution and transmission routes for the tsetse fly endosymbionts. J Invert Pathol. 2013;112(Suppl.):S116\u201322.","journal-title":"J Invert Pathol."},{"key":"3229_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-232","volume":"6","author":"NF Wamwiri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wamwiri NF, Alam U, Thande CP, Aksoy E, Ngure MR, Aksoy S, et al. Wolbachia, Sodalis and trypanosome co-infections in natural populations of Glossina austeni and Glossina pallidipes. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:232.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"3229_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-12-S1-S3","volume":"12","author":"V Doudoumis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Doudoumis V, Tsiamis G, Wamwiri F, Brelsfoard C, Alam U, Aksoy E, et al. Detection and characterization of Wolbachia infections in laboratory and natural populations of different species of tsetse flies (genus Glossina). BMC Microbiol. 2012;12(Suppl. 1):S3.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"3229_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4627","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00806-12","volume":"78","author":"U Alam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alam U, Hyseni C, Symula R, Brelsfoard C, Wu Y, Kruglov O, et al. Implications of microfauna-host interactions for trypanosome transmission dynamics in Glossina fuscipes fuscipes in Uganda. Appl Env Microbiol. 2012;78:4627.","journal-title":"Appl Env Microbiol."},{"key":"3229_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2000.00202.x","volume":"14","author":"Q Cheng","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cheng Q, Ruel TD, Zhou W, Moloo SK, Majiwa P, O\u2019Neill SL, et al. Tissue distribution and prevalence of Wolbachia infections in tsetse flies, Glossina spp. Med Vet Entomol. 2000;14:44\u201350.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol."},{"key":"3229_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msl135","volume":"24","author":"A Geiger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Geiger A, Ravel S, Mateille T, Janelle J, Patrel D, Cuny G, et al. Vector competence of Glossina palpalis gambiensis for Trypanosoma brucei s.l. and genetic diversity of the symbiont Sodalis glossinidius. Mol Biol Evol. 2007;24:102\u20139.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol."},{"key":"3229_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.10.008","volume":"10","author":"O Farikou","year":"2010","unstructured":"Farikou O, Njiokou F, Mbida Mbida JA, Njitchouang GR, Djeunga HN, Asonganyi T, et al. Tripartite interactions between tsetse flies, Sodalis glossinidius and trypanosomes-an epidemiological approach in two historical human African trypanosomiasis foci in Cameroon. Infect Genet Evol. 2010;10:115\u201321.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol."},{"key":"3229_CR18","first-page":"377","volume":"61","author":"P Gr\u00e9baut","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gr\u00e9baut P, Bodo JM, Assona A, Foumane NV, Njiokou F, Ollivier G, et al. Recherche des facteurs de risque de la trypanosomiase humaine Africaine dans le foyer de Bipindi au Cameroun. Med Trop. 2001;61:377\u201383.","journal-title":"Med Trop."},{"key":"3229_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2005.04.003","volume":"6","author":"F Njiokou","year":"2006","unstructured":"Njiokou F, Laveissi\u00e8re C, Simo G, Nkinin S, Gr\u00e9baut P, Cuny G, et al. Wild fauna as probable animal reservoir for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in Cameroon. Infect Genet Evol. 2006;6:147\u201353.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol."},{"key":"3229_CR20","first-page":"61","volume":"37","author":"JP Gouteux","year":"1986","unstructured":"Gouteux JP, Lancien JC. The pyramidal trap for collecting and controlling tsetse flies (Dipteria: Glossinidae). Comparative trials and description of new collecting techniques. Trop Med Parasitol. 1986;37:61\u20136.","journal-title":"Trop Med Parasitol."},{"key":"3229_CR21","unstructured":"Pollock JN. Training Manual for tsetse control personnel: Tsetse biology, systematics and distribution; techniques. Rome: Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations; 1982. \n                    http:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/a-p5178e.pdf\n                    \n                  ."},{"key":"3229_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2540.1998.00349.x","volume":"80","author":"M Navajas","year":"1998","unstructured":"Navajas M, Lagnel J, Gutierrez J, Bourset P. Species wide homogeneity of nuclear ribosomal ITS2 sequences in the spider mite Tetranychus urticae contrasts with extensive mitochondrial COI polymorphism. Heredity. 1998;80:742\u201352.","journal-title":"Heredity."},{"key":"3229_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1139","volume":"267","author":"JH Werren","year":"2000","unstructured":"Werren JH, Windsor DM. Wolbachia infection frequencies in insects: evidence of a global equilibrium? Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2000;267:1277\u201385.","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci."},{"key":"3229_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7098","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00731-06","volume":"72","author":"L Baldo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Baldo L, Hotopp JCD, Jolley KA, Bordenstein SR, Biber SA, Choudhury RR, et al. Multilocus sequence typing system for the endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006;72:7098\u2013110.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"3229_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2002094345","volume":"9","author":"S Herder","year":"2002","unstructured":"Herder S, Simo G, Nkinin S, Njiokou F. Identification of trypanosomes in wild animals from southern Cameroon using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Parasite. 2002;9:345\u20139.","journal-title":"Parasite."},{"key":"3229_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(92)90047-O","volume":"22","author":"DK Masiga","year":"1992","unstructured":"Masiga DK, Smyth AJ, Ayes P, Bromidge TJ, Gibson WC. Sensitive detection of trypanosomes in tsetse flies by DNA amplification. Int J Parasitol. 1992;22:909\u201318.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol."},{"key":"3229_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000061023","volume":"99","author":"DR Moser","year":"1989","unstructured":"Moser DR, Cook GA, Ochs DE, Bailey CP, McKane MR, Donelson JE. Detection of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei subspecies by DNA amplification using the polymerase chain reaction. Parasitol. 1989;99:57\u201366.","journal-title":"Parasitol."},{"key":"3229_CR28","unstructured":"R Development Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2017. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, URL: \n                    https:\/\/www.freestatistics.org\/cran\/\n                    \n                  ."},{"key":"3229_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2007.09.005","volume":"8","author":"G Simo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Simo G, Njiokou F, Mbida Mbida A, Njitchouang GR, Herder S, Asongany T, et al. Tsetse fly host preference from sleeping sickness foci in Cameroon: epidemiologic implication. Infect Genet Evol. 2008;8:34\u20139.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol."},{"key":"3229_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-140","volume":"4","author":"TT Melachio Tanekou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Melachio Tanekou TT, Simo G, Ravel S, De Mee\u00fbs T, Causse S, Solano P, et al. Population genetics of Glossina palpalis palpalis from central African sleeping sickness foci. Parasit Vectors. 2011;4:140.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"3229_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-193","volume":"6","author":"J Tchouomene-Labou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tchouomene-Labou J, Nana-Djeunga H, Simo G, Njitchouang GR, Cuny G, Asonganyi T, et al. Spatial and temporal variations relevant to tsetse control in the Bipindi focus of southern Cameroon. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:193.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"3229_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1479-4","volume":"9","author":"P Gr\u00e9baut","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gr\u00e9baut P, Melachio T, Nyangmang S, Ebo\u2019o Eyenga V, Njitchouang GR, Ofon E, et al. Xenomonitoring of sleeping sickness transmission in Campo (Cameroon). Parasit Vectors. 2016;9:201.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"3229_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneider DI, Kathrin IG, Andrew GP, Adly MM, Abd-Alla Wolfgang JM. Global Wolbachia prevalence, titer fluctuations and their potential of causing cytoplasmic incompatibilities in tsetse flies and hybrids of Glossina morsitans subgroup species. J Invertebr Pathol. 2013;112(Suppl.):S104\u201315.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2012.03.024"},{"key":"3229_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3816","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2009.04321.x","volume":"18","author":"W Arthofer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Arthofer W, Riegler M, Schneider D, Krammer M, Miller WJ, Stauffer C. Hidden Wolbachia diversity in field populations of the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (Diptera, Tephritidae). Mol Ecol. 2009;18:3816\u201330.","journal-title":"Mol Ecol."},{"key":"3229_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001214","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001214","volume":"6","author":"WJ Miller","year":"2010","unstructured":"Miller WJ, Ehrman L, Schneider D. Infectious speciation revisited: impact of symbiont-depletion on female fitness and mating behavior of Drosophila paulistorum. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6:e1001214.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"3229_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(98)00014-X","volume":"70","author":"L Morlais","year":"1998","unstructured":"Morlais L, Grebaut P, Bodo JM, Djoha S, Cuny G, Herder S. Detection and identification of trypanosomes by polymerase chain reaction in wild tsetse flies in Cameroon. Acta Trop. 1998;70:109\u201317.","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"3229_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-385","volume":"7","author":"G Simo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Simo G, Fogue SP, Melachio TTT, Njiokou F, Kuiate JR, Asonganyi T. Population genetics of forest type of Trypanosoma congolense circulating in Glossina palpalis palpalis of Fontem in the South-West region of Cameroon. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:385.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"3229_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2011182171","volume":"18","author":"H Nimpaye","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nimpaye H, Njiokou F, Njine T, Njitchouang GR, Cuny G, Herder S, et al. Trypanosoma vivax, T. congolense forest type and T. simiae: prevalence in domestic animals of sleeping sickness foci of Cameroon. Parasite. 2011;18:171\u20139.","journal-title":"Parasite."},{"key":"3229_CR39","first-page":"98","volume":"7","author":"KC Onyekwelu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Onyekwelu KC, Ejezie FE, Eze AA, Ikekpeazu JE, Ezeh RC, Edeh GC. Prevalence of trypanosome infection in tsetse flies from Oji River and Emene axis of Enugu state, Nigeria: a preliminary report. Trop Parasitol. 2017;7:98\u2013102.","journal-title":"Trop Parasitol."},{"key":"3229_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-1348(03)00090-X","volume":"3","author":"I Malele","year":"2003","unstructured":"Malele I, Graske L, Knight C, Ferris V, Njiru Z, Zamilton P, et al. The use of specific and genetic primers to identify trypanosomes infectious of wild tsetse flies in Tanzania by PCR. Infect Genet Evol. 2003;3:271\u20139.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol."},{"key":"3229_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masiga DK, McNamara JJ, Laveissi\u00e8re C, Truc P, Gibson WC. A high prevalence of mixed trypanosome infections in tsetse flies in Sinfra, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, detected by DNA amplification. Parasitol. 1996;112:75\u201380.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000065094"},{"key":"3229_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aksoy S, Caccone A, Galvani AP, Okedi LM. Glossina fuscipes populations provide insights for human African trypanosomiasis transmission in Uganda. Trends Parasitol. 2013;29:394\u2013406.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.06.005"}],"container-title":["Parasites & Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-018-3229-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-018-3229-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-018-3229-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]],"date-time":"2019-12-12T00:14:48Z","timestamp":1576109688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-018-3229-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3229"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-018-3229-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 August 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 November 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 December 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Animals of the Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, Cameroon.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"630"}}