{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:58:17Z","timestamp":1787162297424,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,15]],"date-time":"2019-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sightsavers International (GB) \/ Burkina Faso"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3290-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,15]],"date-time":"2019-01-15T06:02:37Z","timestamp":1547532157000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Entomological assessment of the transmission following recrudescence of onchocerciasis in the Como\u00e9 Valley, Burkina Faso"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6868-9516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lassane","family":"Koala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Achille S.","family":"Niki\u00e8ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain B.","family":"Par\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Drabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent D.","family":"To\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrien M. G.","family":"Belem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Boakye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soungalo","family":"Traor\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roch K.","family":"Dabir\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"3290_CR1","unstructured":"LeBerre R. Contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude biologique et \u00e9cologique de Simulium damnosum Theobald, 1903 (Diptera, Simulidae). Paris: ORSTOM; 1966."},{"key":"3290_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e371","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030371","volume":"3","author":"M-G Bas\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bas\u00e1\u00f1ez M-G, Pion SDS, Churcher TS, Breitling LP, Little MP, Boussinesq M. River blindness: a success story under threat? PLoS Med. 2006;3:e371.","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"3290_CR3","volume-title":"Guidelines for stopping mass drug administration and verifying elimination of human onchocerciasis: criteria and procedures","author":"WHO","year":"2016","unstructured":"WHO. Guidelines for stopping mass drug administration and verifying elimination of human onchocerciasis: criteria and procedures. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016."},{"key":"3290_CR4","first-page":"681","volume":"92","author":"WHO","year":"2017","unstructured":"WHO. Progress report on the elimination of human onchocerciasis, 2016\u20132017. WHO Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2017;92:681\u201394.","journal-title":"WHO Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"3290_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihx039","volume":"10","author":"M Sauerbrey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sauerbrey M, Rakers LJ, Richards FO. Progress toward elimination of onchocerciasis in the Americas. Int Health. 2018;10:171\u20138.","journal-title":"Int Health."},{"key":"3290_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koala L, Nikiema A, Post RJ, Par\u00e9 AB, Kafando CM, Drabo F, et al. Recrudescence of onchocerciasis in the Como\u00e9 valley in southwest Burkina Faso. Acta Trop. 2017;166:96\u2013105.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.11.003"},{"key":"3290_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006897","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006897","volume":"12","author":"BG Koudou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Koudou BG, Kouakou M-M, Ouattara AF, Yeo S, Brika P, Meite A, et al. Update on the current status of onchocerciasis in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire following 40 years of intervention: progress and challenges. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12:e0006897.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"3290_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2017.1286980","volume":"15","author":"RA Cheke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cheke RA. Factors affecting onchocerciasis transmission: lessons for infection control. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2017;15:377\u201386.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther."},{"key":"3290_CR9","volume-title":"Etude de la transmission d\u2019Onchocerca volvulus par S. damnosum dans les villages riv\u00e9rains de la Como\u00e9","author":"PNLO","year":"2012","unstructured":"PNLO. Etude de la transmission d\u2019Onchocerca volvulus par S. damnosum dans les villages riv\u00e9rains de la Como\u00e9. Ouagadougou: Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 du Burkina Faso; 2012."},{"key":"3290_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e497","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000497","volume":"3","author":"L Diawara","year":"2009","unstructured":"Diawara L, Traor\u00e9 MO, Badji A, Bissan Y, Doumbia K, Goita SF, et al. Feasibility of onchocerciasis elimination with ivermectin treatment in endemic foci in Africa: first evidence from studies in Mali and Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009;3:e497.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"3290_CR11","first-page":"193","volume":"61","author":"R Garms","year":"1981","unstructured":"Garms R. The reinvasion of the onchocerciasis control programme area in the Volta River Basin by Simulium damnosum s.l., the involvement of the different cytospecies and epidemiological implications. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1981;61:193\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Soc Belg Med Trop."},{"key":"3290_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.1998.00118.x","volume":"12","author":"DA Boakye","year":"1998","unstructured":"Boakye DA, Back C, Fiasorgbor GK, APP S, Coulibaly Y. Sibling species distributions of the Simulium damnosum complex in the west African Onchocerciasis Control Programme area during the decade 1984\u201393, following intensive larviciding since 1974. Med Vet Entomol. 1998;12:345\u201358.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol."},{"key":"3290_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2014.04.029","volume":"137","author":"LD To\u00e9","year":"2014","unstructured":"To\u00e9 LD, Koala L, Burkett-Cadena ND, Traor\u00e9 BM, Sanfo M, Kambir\u00e9 SR, et al. Optimization of the Esperanza window trap for the collection of the African onchocerciasis vector Simulium damnosum sensu lato. Acta Trop. 2014;137:39\u201343.","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"3290_CR14","volume-title":"\u00c9tude de la transmission d\u2019Onchocerca volvulus (Leuckart, 1893) (Nematoda, Onchocercidae) par Simulium damnosum Theobald, 1903 (Diptera: Simuliidae) en Afrique tropicale","author":"B Philipon","year":"1977","unstructured":"Philipon B. \u00c9tude de la transmission d\u2019Onchocerca volvulus (Leuckart, 1893) (Nematoda, Onchocercidae) par Simulium damnosum Theobald, 1903 (Diptera: Simuliidae) en Afrique tropicale. Paris: Travaux et Documents de l\u2019ORSTOM; 1977."},{"key":"3290_CR15","volume-title":"Simulium - vectors of onchocerciasis","author":"JB Davies","year":"1992","unstructured":"Davies JB, Crosskey RW. Simulium - vectors of onchocerciasis. Geneva: World Health Organization, Division of Control of Tropical Diseases; 1992."},{"key":"3290_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1993.11812739","volume":"87","author":"MD Wilson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Wilson MD, Post RJ, Gomulski LM. Multivariate morphotaxonomy in the identification of adult females of the Simulium damnosum Theobald complex (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Onchocerciasis Control Programme area of West Africa. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1993;87:65\u201382.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol."},{"key":"3290_CR17","volume-title":"Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa. Module de formation des techniciens entomologistes \u00e0 la prise en charge et \u00e0 la supervision des activit\u00e9s entomologiques de lutte contre l\u2019onchocercose. WHO\/OCP\/Unpublished\/156 p","author":"WHO","year":"2002","unstructured":"WHO. Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa. Module de formation des techniciens entomologistes \u00e0 la prise en charge et \u00e0 la supervision des activit\u00e9s entomologiques de lutte contre l\u2019onchocercose. WHO\/OCP\/Unpublished\/156 p. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002."},{"key":"3290_CR18","first-page":"443","volume":"75","author":"L Toe","year":"1997","unstructured":"Toe L, Back C, Adjami AG, Tang JM, Unnasch TR. Onchocerca volvulus: comparison of field collection methods for the preservation of parasite and vector samples for PCR analysis. Bull World Health Organ. 1997;75:443\u20137.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ."},{"key":"3290_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(89)90194-1","volume":"36","author":"SEO Meredith","year":"1989","unstructured":"Meredith SEO, Unnasch TR, Karam M, Piessens WF, Wirth DF. Cloning and characterization of an Onchocerca volvulus specific DNA sequence. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1989;36:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol."},{"key":"3290_CR20","first-page":"293","volume":"50","author":"TR Unnasch","year":"1996","unstructured":"Unnasch TR, Meredith SE. The use of degenerate primers in conjunction with strain and species oligonucleotides to classify Onchocerca volvulus. Methods Mol Biol. 1996;50:293\u2013303.","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol."},{"key":"3290_CR21","unstructured":"WHO. Onchocerciasis and its control. Report of a WHO Expert Committee on Onchocerciasis Control. Report no. 852. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1995. p. 1\u2013104."},{"key":"3290_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-2607(90)90030-D","volume":"31","author":"AP Plaisier","year":"1990","unstructured":"Plaisier AP, van Oortmarssen GJ, Habbema JDF, Remme J, Alley ES. ONCHOSIM: a model and computer simulation program for the transmission and control of onchocerciasis. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 1990;31:43\u201356.","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"3290_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(95)80017-4","volume":"11","author":"JHF Remme","year":"1995","unstructured":"Remme JHF. The African programme for onchocerciasis control: preparing to launch. Parasitol Today. 1995;11:403\u20136.","journal-title":"Parasitol Today."},{"key":"3290_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1990.0141","volume":"328","author":"RHA Baker","year":"1990","unstructured":"Baker RHA, Guillet P, Seketeli A, Poudiougo P, Boakye D, Wilson MD, et al. Progress in controlling the reinvasion of windborne vectors into the western area of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B. 1990;328:731\u201350.","journal-title":"Phil Trans R Soc Lond B."},{"key":"3290_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90443-G","volume":"86","author":"JP Mccall","year":"1992","unstructured":"Mccall JP, Townson H, Trees AJ. Morphometric differentiation of the Onchocerca volvulus and O. ochengi infective larvae. Trans Roy Soc Med Hyg. 1992;86:63\u20135.","journal-title":"Trans Roy Soc Med Hyg"},{"key":"3290_CR26","unstructured":"S\u00e9chan Y. D\u00e9veloppement d\u2019onchocerques animales chez le vecteur de l\u2019onchocercose humaine Simulium sirbanum\u00a0Vajime et Dunbar 1975 (Diptera: Simuliidae) en zone subsah\u00e9lienne du Mali, Afrique de l\u2019ouest. Paris: ORSTOM; 1984."}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3290-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3290-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3290-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]],"date-time":"2020-02-03T09:21:40Z","timestamp":1580721700000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3290-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,15]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3290"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3290-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 June 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 January 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 January 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The Ethics Committee of the Ministry of Health of Burkina Faso has validated all the activities of the PNLO within the framework of control and elimination of the disease. Duly signed informed consent was obtained from all individuals involved in blackfly collection after detailed explanations about the study in their local languages. The blackflies were collected by well-trained vector collectors, therefore they were not at an increased risk of exposure, nor were human samples obtained for diagnosis, therefore no treatments were offered. However, all participants were receiving ivermectin as part of the national programme (PNLO) biannual CDTI campaigns in the Cascades region.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"34"}}