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Wild felids in human care can serve as definitive hosts that shed oocysts, but also as intermediate hosts for the parasite. Some felid species, such as the Pallas\u2019s cat (<jats:italic>Otocolobus manul<\/jats:italic>) or sand cat (<jats:italic>Felis margarita<\/jats:italic>), may suffer from clinically apparent toxoplasmosis. In the present study, our main aim was to assess risk factors for <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> infections in small exotic felids.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A seroepidemiological study was conducted using the reduviid bug <jats:italic>Dipetalogaster maxima<\/jats:italic> for blood sample collection, a method previously evaluated on domestic cats. A total of 336 samples from 17 felid species were collected in 51 institutions, 48 of which were within Europe and the remaining three in the Middle East (United Arabic Emirates and Qatar). These samples were analyzed for <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> antibodies by immunoblotting and an immunofluorescent antibody test. Potential risk factors in zoos for seropositivity regarding <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> among members of the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) were evaluated using a questionnaire and individual data from the Zoological Information Management System (ZIMS).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The sampled felids showed an overall seroprevalence for <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> of 63%. The risk factor study including data of 311 small exotic cats of 10 species resulted in a final generalized linear mixed model comprised of five variables: the likelihood of seropositivity increased statistically significantly with \u201cAge\u201d, while feeding \u201cCattle: frozen\u201d relative to \u201cCattle: fresh\u201d, \u201cOutdoor housing fenced in on all sides\u201d, \u201cMesh size 2\u20135\u00a0cm\u201d relative to \u201cMesh size &gt;\u00a05\u00a0cm\u201d and \u201cWearing gloves: yes\u201d had statistically significant protective effects.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Wild felids, including endangered species, kept in human care in European and Middle Eastern institutions, are widely exposed to <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>. Risk factor analysis revealed that feeding previously frozen tissues, keeping animals in enclosures that are fenced on all sides using fences with small mesh sizes, and wearing gloves when working inside enclosures seem to be the most relevant protective measures to prevent <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> infections in these animals.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3706-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]],"date-time":"2019-09-11T08:02:58Z","timestamp":1568188978000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Toxoplasma gondii in small exotic felids from zoos in Europe and the Middle East: serological prevalence and risk factors"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Maike","family":"L\u00fccht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Stagegaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franz J.","family":"Conraths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3217-289X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gereon","family":"Schares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"3706_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2010.01.009","volume":"26","author":"SA Elmore","year":"2010","unstructured":"Elmore SA, Jones JL, Conrad PA, Patton S, Lindsay DS, Dubey JP. 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Samples were collected only after the owners\u2019 consent had been obtained. Felids in EAZA zoos were sampled for routine diagnostic purposes and no ethical considerations were necessary. Owners consent was always available. Prior to the import permissions according to CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) where obtained for samples from Middle Eastern countries.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"449"}}