{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T19:29:23Z","timestamp":1784575763776,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]],"date-time":"2019-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572825600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]],"date-time":"2019-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000288","name":"Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RG160395"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG160395"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Accurate diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis is vital for surveillance and control programmes. While a number of diagnostic techniques are available there is a need for simple, rapid and highly sensitive point-of-need (PON) tests in areas where infection prevalence and intensity are low. Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) is a sensitive isothermal molecular diagnostic technology that is rapid, portable and has been used at the PON for several pathogens.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A real time fluorescence RPA assay (RT-ShDra1-RPA) targeting the <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic> Dra1 genomic repeat region was developed and was able to detect 1 fg of <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> gDNA. Results were obtained within 10 minutes using a small portable battery powered tube scanner device that incubated reactions at 40\u00a0\u00b0C, whilst detecting DNA amplification and fluorescence over time. The assay\u2019s performance was evaluated using 20 urine samples, with varying <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> egg counts, from school children from Pemba Island, Zanzibar Archipelago, Tanzania. Prior to RPA analysis, samples were prepared using a quick crude field DNA extraction method, the Speed Extract Kit (Qiagen, Manchester, UK). Positive assay results were obtained from urine samples with egg counts of 1\u2013926 eggs\/10\u00a0ml, except for two samples, which had inconclusive results. These two samples had egg counts of two and three eggs\/10\u00a0ml of urine.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The RT-ShDra1-RPA assay proved robust for <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> gDNA detection and was able to amplify and detect <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> DNA in urine samples from infected patients. The assay\u2019s speed and portability, together with the use of crude sample preparation methods, could advance the rapid molecular diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis at the PON within endemic countries.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3755-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]],"date-time":"2019-11-04T12:03:24Z","timestamp":1572869004000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Development of a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) fluorescence assay for the detection of Schistosoma haematobium"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Penelope","family":"Rostron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Pennance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faki","family":"Bakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Rollinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Knopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Allan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma","family":"Kabole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Said M.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaali M.","family":"Ame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0930-9314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bonnie L.","family":"Webster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"3755_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(03)00029-9","volume":"86","author":"MJ van der Werf","year":"2003","unstructured":"van der Werf MJ, de Vlas SJ, Brooker S, Looman CW, Nagelkerke NJ, Habbema JD, Engels D. Quantification of clinical morbidity associated with schistosome infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Acta Trop. 2003;86:125\u201339.","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"3755_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66457-4","volume":"365","author":"CH King","year":"2005","unstructured":"King CH, Dickman K, Tisch DJ. Reassessment of the cost of chronic helmintic infection: a meta-analysis of disability-related outcomes in endemic schistosomiasis. Lancet. 2005;365:1561\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"3755_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.10.010","volume":"100","author":"C Shiff","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shiff C, Veltri R, Naples J, Quartey J, Anyan W, Marlow C, et al. Ultrasound verification of bladder damage is associated with known biomarkers of bladder cancer in adults chronically infected with Schistosoma haematobium in Ghana. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2006;100:847\u201354.","journal-title":"Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"3755_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2014.07.014","volume":"127","author":"EF Kjetland","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kjetland EF, Norseth HM, Taylor M, Lillebo K, Kleppa E, Holmen SD, et al. Classification of the lesions observed in female genital schistosomiasis. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2014;127:227\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet."},{"key":"3755_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009990552","volume":"136","author":"D Rollinson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rollinson D. A wake up call for urinary schistosomiasis: reconciling research effort and public health importance. Parasitology. 2009;136:1593\u2013610.","journal-title":"Parasitology."},{"key":"3755_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00175-4","volume":"16","author":"J Boissier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Boissier J, Grech-Angelini S, Webster BL, Allienne JF, Huyse T, Mas Coma S, et al. Outbreak of urogenital schistosomiasis in Corsica (France): an epidemiological case study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16:971\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"3755_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1601","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001601","volume":"6","author":"JS McCarthy","year":"2012","unstructured":"McCarthy JS, Lustigman S, Yang GJ, Barakat RM, Garcia HH, Sripa B, et al. A research agenda for helminth diseases of humans: diagnostics for control and elimination programmes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6:e1601.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"3755_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.04.013","volume":"128","author":"D Rollinson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rollinson D, Knopp S, Levitz S, Stothard JR, Tchuel Tchuente LA, Garba A, et al. Time to set the agenda for schistosomiasis elimination. Acta Trop. 2013;128:423\u201340.","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"3755_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014001152","volume":"141","author":"JR Stothard","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stothard JR, Stanton MC, Bustinduy AL, Sousa-Figueiredo JC, Van Dam GJ, Betson M, et al. Diagnostics for schistosomiasis in Africa and Arabia: a review of present options in control and future needs for elimination. Parasitology. 2014;141:1947\u201361.","journal-title":"Parasitology."},{"key":"3755_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.03.014","volume":"21","author":"J Utzinger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Utzinger J, Becker SL, van Lieshout L, van Dam GJ, Knopp S. New diagnostic tools in schistosomiasis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015;21:529\u201342.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"3755_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.01.004","volume":"25","author":"R Bergquist","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bergquist R, Johansen MV, Utzinger J. Diagnostic dilemmas in helminthology: what tools to use and when? Trends Parasitol. 2009;25:151\u20136.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"3755_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2013.844066","volume":"11","author":"S Knopp","year":"2013","unstructured":"Knopp S, Becker SL, Ingram KJ, Keiser J, Utzinger J. Diagnosis and treatment of schistosomiasis in children in the era of intensified control. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2013;11:1237\u201358.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther."},{"key":"3755_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2012.11.003","volume":"29","author":"MG Cavalcanti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cavalcanti MG, Silva LF, Peralta RH, Barreto MG, Peralta JM. Schistosomiasis in areas of low endemicity: a new era in diagnosis. Trends Parasitol. 2013;29:75\u201382.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"3755_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.12.009","volume":"33","author":"L Loc","year":"2017","unstructured":"Loc L, Hsieh MH. Diagnosing urogenital schistosomiasis: dealing with diminishing returns. Trends Parasitol. 2017;33:378\u201387.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"3755_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed3030081","volume":"3","author":"K Weerakoon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weerakoon K, Gordon C, McManus DP. DNA diagnostics for schistosomiasis control. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2018;3:81.","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis."},{"key":"3755_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3136-6","volume":"11","author":"S Knopp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Knopp S, Ame SM, Hattendorf J, Ali SM, Khamis IS, Bakar F, et al. Urogenital schistosomiasis elimination in Zanzibar: accuracy of urine filtration and haematuria reagent strips for diagnosing light intensity Schistosoma haematobium infections. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:552.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"3755_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2431","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002431","volume":"7","author":"CH King","year":"2013","unstructured":"King CH, Bertsch D. Meta-analysis of urine heme dipstick diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium infection, including low-prevalence and previously-treated populations. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7:e2431.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"3755_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0857-7","volume":"8","author":"PL Corstjens","year":"2015","unstructured":"Corstjens PL, Nyakundi RK, de Dood CJ, Kariuki TM, Ochola EA, Karanja DM, et al. Improved sensitivity of the urine CAA lateral-flow assay for diagnosing active Schistosoma infections by using larger sample volumes. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:241.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"3755_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3752","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003752","volume":"9","author":"S Knopp","year":"2015","unstructured":"Knopp S, Corstjens PL, Koukounari A, Ceramondi CI, Ame SM, Ali SM, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of a urine circulating anodic antigen test for the diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium in low endemic settings. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9:e3752.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"3755_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e91144","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091144","volume":"9","author":"N Lodh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lodh N, Naples JM, Bosompem KM, Quartey J, Shiff CJ. Detection of parasite-specific DNA in urine sediment obtained by filtration differentiates between single and mixed infections of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium from endemic areas in Ghana. PLoS One. 2014;9:e91144.","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"3755_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1179\/136485908X337490","volume":"102","author":"BB Obeng","year":"2008","unstructured":"Obeng BB, Aryeetey YA, de Dood CJ, Amoah AS, Larbi IA, Deelder AM, et al. Application of a circulating-cathodic-antigen (CCA) strip test and real-time PCR, in comparison with microscopy, for the detection of Schistosoma haematobium in urine samples from Ghana. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2008;102:625\u201333.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol."},{"key":"3755_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2413","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002413","volume":"7","author":"L Cnops","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cnops L, Soentjens P, Clerinx J, Van Esbroeck M. A Schistosoma haematobium-specific real-time PCR for diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis in serum samples of international travelers and migrants. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7:e2413.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"3755_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2807","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002807","volume":"8","author":"NVS Vinkeles Melchers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vinkeles Melchers NVS, van Dam GJ, Shaproski D, Kahama AI, Brienen EA, Vennervald BJ, van Lieshout L. Diagnostic performance of Schistosoma real-time PCR in urine samples from kenyan children infected with Schistosoma haematobium: day-to-day variation and follow-up after Praziquantel treatment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8:e2807.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"3755_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001306","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001306","volume":"9","author":"NP Pai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pai NP, Vadnais C, Denkinger C, Engel N, Pai M. Point-of-care testing for infectious diseases: diversity, complexity, and barriers in low- and middle-income countries. PLoS Med. 2012;9:e1001306.","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"3755_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0764","volume":"83","author":"I Abbasi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abbasi I, King CH, Muchirir EM, Hamburger J. Detection of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium DNA by loop-mediated isothermal amplification: identification of infected snails from early prepatency. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010;83:427\u201332.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"3755_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0208","volume":"88","author":"J Hamburger","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hamburger J, Abbasi I, Kariuki C, Wanjala A, Mzungu E, Mungai P, et al. Evaluation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification suitable for molecular monitoring of schistosome-infected snails in field laboratories. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;88:344\u201351.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"3755_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2730","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002730","volume":"8","author":"C Escadafal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Escadafal C, Faye O, Sall AA, Faye O, Weidmann M, Strohmeier O, et al. Rapid molecular assays for the detection of yellow fever virus in low-resource settings. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8:e2730.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"3755_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-99","volume":"13","author":"S Kersting","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kersting S, Rausch V, Bier FF, von Nickisch-Rosenegk M. Rapid detection of Plasmodium falciparum with isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification and lateral flow analysis. Malaria J. 2014;13:99.","journal-title":"Malaria J."},{"key":"3755_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4953","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110504953","volume":"11","author":"A Ahmed","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ahmed A, Linden H, Hartskeerl RA. Development of a recombinase polymerase amplification assay for the detection of pathogenic Leptospira. Int J Environ Res Pub Health. 2014;11:4953\u201364.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Pub Health."},{"key":"3755_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2013.08.003","volume":"16","author":"K Krolov","year":"2014","unstructured":"Krolov K, Frolova J, Tudoran O, Suhorutsenko J, Lehto T, Sibul H, et al. Sensitive and rapid detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by recombinase polymerase amplification directly from urine samples. J Mol Diag. 2014;16:127\u201335.","journal-title":"J Mol Diag."},{"key":"3755_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1055-3","volume":"8","author":"A Rosser","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rosser A, Rollinson D, Forrest M, Webster BL. Isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) of Schistosoma haematobium DNA and oligochromatographic lateral flow detection. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:446.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"3755_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-185","volume":"5","author":"AM Emery","year":"2012","unstructured":"Emery AM, Allan FE, Rabone ME, Rollinson D. Schistosomiasis collection at NHM (SCAN). Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:185.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"3755_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-930","volume":"12","author":"S Knopp","year":"2012","unstructured":"Knopp S, Mohammed KA, Ali SM, Khamis IS, Ame SM, Albonico M, et al. Study and implementation of urogenital schistosomiasis elimination in Zanzibar (Unguja and Pemba islands) using an integrated multidisciplinary approach. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:930.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"3755_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.03.024","volume":"103","author":"JR Stothard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stothard JR, French MD, Khamis IS, Bas\u00e1\u00f1ez MG, Rollinson D. The epidemiology and control of urinary schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in schoolchildren on Unguja island, Zanzibar. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009;103:1031\u201344.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"3755_CR35","first-page":"614","volume":"15","author":"A Guidi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guidi A, Andolina C, Ame SM, Albonico M, Cioli D, Juma HH. Praziquantel efficacy and long-term appraisal of schistosomiasis control in Pemba island. Trop Med Int Health. 2010;15:614\u20138.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health."},{"key":"3755_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007268","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007268","volume":"13","author":"S Knopp","year":"2019","unstructured":"Knopp S, Ame SM, Person B, Hattendorf J, Rabone M, Juma S, et al. A 5-year intervention study on elimination of urogenital schistosomiasis in Zanzibar: parasitological results of annual cross-sectional surveys. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13:e0007268.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"3755_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30189-5","volume":"7","author":"S Knopp","year":"2019","unstructured":"Knopp S, Person B, Ame SM, Ali SM, Hattendorf J, Juma S, et al. Evaluation of integrated interventions layered on mass drug administration for urogenital schistosomiasis elimination: a cluster randomised trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7:1118\u201329.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health."},{"key":"3755_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.907","volume":"65","author":"J Hamburger","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hamburger J, Abbasi I, Ramzy RM, Jourdane J, Ruppel A. Polymerase chain reaction assay based on a highly repeated sequence of Schistosoma haematobium: a potential tool for monitoring schistosome-infested water. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001;65:907\u201311.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"3755_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e422","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000422","volume":"3","author":"D Wichmann","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wichmann D, Panning M, Quack T, Kramme S, Burchard GD, Grevelding C, Drosten C. Diagnosing schistosomiasis by detection of cell-free parasite DNA in human plasma. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009;3:e422.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3755-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3755-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3755-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T00:22:47Z","timestamp":1604362967000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3755-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3755"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3755-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 June 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 October 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 November 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The ZEST study protocol was reviewed and obtained ethical approval by (i) the Zanzibar Medical Research Ethical Committee (ZAMREC); (ii) the \u201cEthikkomission beider Basel\u201d (EKBB) in Switzerland; and (iii) the institutional review board of the University of Georgia (IRB UGA). The trial has been registered at the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number Register (ISRCTN48837681; http:\/\/www.controlled-trials.com\/ISRCTN48837681).Written informed consent from parents or legal guardians of participating children was obtained for urine collection and storage, including examination for <i>S. haematobium<\/i> infections with newly developed diagnostic techniques at a later point in time. School-aged children were offered praziquantel (40\u00a0mg\/kg) against schistosomiasis free of charge in the frame of the biannual island-wide mass drug administration campaigns.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"514"}}