{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T22:57:42Z","timestamp":1794265062380,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]],"date-time":"2019-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572825600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]],"date-time":"2019-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000801","name":"Bayer HealthCare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project 10163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project 10163"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>Troglostrongylus brevior<\/jats:italic> is a lungworm of wild felids that recently has been recognized as agent of severe respiratory disease in domestic cats in Mediterranean and Balkan countries. Nevertheless, the information on treatment options for feline troglostrongylosis is still poor. The aim of this pilot field trial was to evaluate the efficacy of the spot-on formulation containing 1%\u00a0w\/v moxidectin and 10%\u00a0w\/v imidacloprid (Advocate<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> spot-on solution for cats, Bayer Animal Health GmbH) in the treatment of <jats:italic>T. brevior<\/jats:italic> infection in naturally infected cats in Greece.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The trial was a negative control, multicentre, clinical efficacy study conducted according to the standards of Good Scientific Practice (GSP). Sixteen cats in two study sites, naturally infected with <jats:italic>T. brevior<\/jats:italic>, were allocated to an untreated control group (G1, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20098) or a treatment group (G2, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20098), according to a randomization list. Animals assigned to G2 were treated with Advocate<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> for cats on days 0 and 28 at the recommended dose rate and animals assigned to G1 received a rescue treatment with the same product on days 56 and 84. Efficacy was assessed on days 28 and 56 in G2 and on days 84 and 112 in G1 by faecal larval counts. The primary efficacy criterion was the absence of <jats:italic>T. brevior<\/jats:italic> first-stage larvae (L1) following treatment. Other efficacy parameters were the quantitative comparison of L1 presence before (baseline) and after one or two treatments in both groups.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>All G2 cats were negative for <jats:italic>T. brevior<\/jats:italic> L1 at the first post-treatment evaluation (100% efficacy) while G1 cats were persistently shedding L1. The difference of the mean number of L1 per gram between G2 and G1 was statistically significant (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). All G1 cats were negative (100% efficacy) for <jats:italic>T. brevior<\/jats:italic> L1 at the first post-rescue-treatment evaluation. Therefore, treatment efficacy at study completion was 100% in both groups in terms of stopping the L1 shedding in the faeces of the animals. No adverse effects were observed during the study.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>These results indicate that Advocate<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> spot-on solution for cats represents an option for treating cats naturally infected with <jats:italic>T. brevior<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3760-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]],"date-time":"2019-11-04T15:04:42Z","timestamp":1572879882000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Efficacy of a moxidectin\/imidacloprid spot-on formulation (Advocate\u00ae) for the treatment of Troglostrongylus brevior in naturally infected cats in a field study in Greece"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Diakou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Morelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitris","family":"Dimzas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Di Cesare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gioia","family":"Capelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Parrinello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Pollmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Schaper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donato","family":"Traversa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"3760_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X15623113","volume":"18","author":"D Traversa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Traversa D, Di Cesare A. Diagnosis and management of lungworm infections in cats: cornerstones, dilemmas and new avenues. J Feline Med Surg. 2016;18:7\u201320.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg."},{"key":"3760_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.07.004","volume":"29","author":"D Traversa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Traversa D, Di Cesare A. Feline lungworms: what a dilemma. Trends Parasitol. 2013;29:423\u201330.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"3760_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182013000188","volume":"140","author":"E Brianti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brianti E, Gaglio G, Napoli E, Falsone L, Giannetto S, Latrofa MS, et al. Evidence for direct transmission of the cat lungworm Troglostrongylus brevior (Strongylida: Crenosomatidae). Parasitology. 2013;140:821\u20134.","journal-title":"Parasitology."},{"key":"3760_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00126","volume":"5","author":"PE Crisi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Crisi PE, Di Cesare A, Boari A. Feline troglostrongylosis: current epizootiology, clinical features, and therapeutic options. Front Vet Sci. 2018;5:126.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"3760_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1200-z","volume":"8","author":"A Diakou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Diakou A, Di Cesare A, Barros LA, Morelli S, Halos L, Beugnet F, Traversa D. Occurrence of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus and Troglostrongylus brevior in domestic cats in Greece. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:590.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"3760_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-013-3690-y","volume":"113","author":"A Di Cesare","year":"2014","unstructured":"Di Cesare A, di Frangipane Regalbono A, Tessarin C, Seghetti M, Iorio R, Simonato G, Traversa D. Mixed infection by Aelurostrongylus abstrusus and Troglostrongylus brevior in kittens from the same litter in Italy. Parasitol Res. 2014;113:613\u20138.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res."},{"key":"3760_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1645\/17-172","volume":"104","author":"D Traversa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Traversa D, Della Salda L, Diakou A, Sforzato C, Romanucci M, di Frangipane Regalbono A, et al. Fatal patent troglostrongylosis in a litter of kittens. J Parasitol. 2018;104:418\u201323.","journal-title":"J Parasitol."},{"key":"3760_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3361-7","volume":"12","author":"D Traversa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Traversa D, Veronesi F, Danesi P, Morelli S, Crisi PE, Morganti G, et al. Pilot study evaluating the efficacy of a topical formulation containing emodepside and praziquantel in the treatment of natural feline troglostrongylosis. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12:97.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"3760_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X16670563","volume":"19","author":"PE Crisi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Crisi PE, Aste G, Traversa D, Di Cesare A, Febo E, Vignoli M, et al. Single and mixed feline lungworm infections: clinical, radiographic and therapeutic features of 26 cases (2013\u20132015). J Feline Med Surg. 2017;19:1017\u201329.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg."},{"key":"3760_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2018.12.008","volume":"49","author":"MA Cavalera","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cavalera MA, Colella V, Napoli E, Arfuso F, Panarese R, Brianti E, Otranto D. Shedding of feline lungworm larvae and their infectivity to snail intermediate hosts after anthelmintic treatment. Int J Parasitol. 2019;49:449\u201353.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol."},{"key":"3760_CR11","unstructured":"EMA (European Medicines Agency). Product information Advocate - EMEA\/V\/C\/000076 - II\/0039\/G. 2018. \n                    https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/medicines\/veterinary\/EPAR\/advocate\n                    \n                  . Accessed 15 May 2019."},{"key":"3760_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.01.019","volume":"202","author":"E Brianti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brianti E, Giannetto S, Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D. Lungworms of the genus Troglostrongylus (Strongylida: Crenosomatidae): neglected parasites for domestic cats. Vet Parasitol. 2014;202:104\u201312.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"3760_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S55","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1496-8","volume":"105","author":"D Traversa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Traversa D, Di Cesare A, Milillo P, Lohr B, Iorio R, Pampurini F, et al. Efficacy and safety of imidacloprid 10%\/moxidectin 1% spot-on formulation in the treatment of feline aelurostrongylosis. Parasitol Res. 2009;105(Suppl. 1):S55\u201362.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"3760_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1499-5","volume":"105","author":"D Traversa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Traversa D, Milillo P, Di Cesare A, Lohr B, Iorio R, Pampurini F, et al. Efficacy and safety of emodepside 2.1% praziquantel 8.6% spot-on formulation in the treatment of feline aelurostrongylosis. Parasitol Res. 2009;105(Suppl. 1):S83\u20139.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"3760_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2015.08.019","volume":"102","author":"PE Crisi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Crisi PE, Traversa D, Di Cesare A, Luciani A, Civitella C, Santori D, Boari A. Irreversible pulmonary hypertension associated with Troglostrongylus brevior infection in a kitten. Res Vet Sci. 2015;102:223\u20137.","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci."},{"key":"3760_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.02.037","volume":"209","author":"A Giannelli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giannelli A, Brianti E, Varcasia A, Colella V, Tamponi C, Di Paola G, et al. Efficacy of Broadline\u00ae spot-on against Aelurostrongylus abstrusus and Troglostrongylus brevior lungworms in naturally infected cats from Italy. Vet Parasitol. 2015;209:273\u20137.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"3760_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2017.02.003","volume":"47","author":"A Giannelli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Giannelli A, Capelli G, Joachim A, Hinney B, Losson B, Kirkova Z, et al. Lungworms and gastrointestinal parasites of domestic cats: a European perspective. Int J Parasitol. 2017;47:517\u201328.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol."},{"key":"3760_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-178","volume":"5","author":"E Brianti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brianti E, Gaglio G, Giannetto S, Annoscia G, Latrofa MS, Dantas-Torres F, et al. Troglostrongylus brevior and Troglostrongylus subcrenatus (Strongylida: Crenosomatidae) as agents of broncho-pulmonary infestation in domestic cats. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:178.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"3760_CR19","first-page":"33","volume":"5","author":"S Morelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morelli S, di Frangipane Regalbono A, Russi I, Crisi PE, Simonato G, Pampurini F, Traversa D. Efficacia preventiva di un prodotto a base di imidacloprid e moxidectina nei confronti dei parassiti cardio-respiratori di cane e gatto. Summa Veterinaria. 2018;5:33\u20138.","journal-title":"Summa Veterinaria."}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3760-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3760-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3760-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T00:24:00Z","timestamp":1604363040000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3760-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3760"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3760-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 June 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 October 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 November 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The present study was authorized by National Organisation of Medicines of Greece (No. 25953). All study cats were privately owned naturally infected cats for which each owner signed a consent form and accepted to participate in the study. According to the Greek and European legislation, and as confirmed by the Greek Authorities for Animal Welfare (decision 311340\/2166), no license related to the welfare of animals was required for the conduction of the trial.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"MP and RS are currently employed by Bayer Animal Health GmbH. AD, SM, DD, ADC, GC, CP and DT declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"519"}}