{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T04:02:31Z","timestamp":1788753751162,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]],"date-time":"2019-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574294400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]],"date-time":"2019-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The aim of this study was to assess potential associations between <jats:italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/jats:italic> infection in dogs, as determined by three diagnostic tests, and dog\u2019s group of origin, fecal consistency, age, sex, neuter status, and co-infections with other gastrointestinal parasites.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Fecal samples from 1291 dogs from four groups (household, shelter, hunting and clinical dogs) were tested with qPCR, rapid enzyme immunochromatographic assay (IDEXX SNAP<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>), and direct immunofluorescence (DFA, Merifluor) for presence of <jats:italic>G. duodenalis<\/jats:italic>. Moreover, fecal samples were tested with centrifugation sedimentation flotation (CSF) coproscopical analysis for presence of gastrointestinal parasites. Associations were expressed as odds ratios (ORs).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Several significant associations were found, of which a few were consistent for all three tests and <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic> positivity in general (positive with at least one of these tests). Dogs older than one year were significantly less likely to test positive for <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic> than younger dogs. Group-housed dogs, especially hunting dogs, were significantly more likely to test positive for <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic> compared to household and clinical dogs. A consistently significant association with <jats:italic>Trichuris<\/jats:italic> appeared to be driven by the high prevalence in hunting dogs. Although there was no significant association between loose stool and <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic> infection in the overall population, household dogs were significantly more likely to test <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>-positive when having loose stool. Overall, <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>-positive dogs with loose stool shed significantly more cysts, both determined semi-quantitatively with CSF and quantitatively by qPCR, than positive dogs with no loose stool. When other gastrointestinal parasites were present, significantly fewer cysts were detected with CSF, but this was not confirmed with qPCR.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic> is the most common gastrointestinal parasite in Dutch dogs, except for hunting dogs, in which <jats:italic>Trichuris<\/jats:italic> and strongyle-type eggs (hookworms) prevailed. <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic> infection was not significantly associated with loose stool, except for household dogs. Young dogs and group-housed dogs were significantly more often <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>-positive. These associations were consistent across diagnostic tests. Young dogs, clinical dogs and dogs with loose stool shed <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic> cysts in the highest numbers. If another gastrointestinal parasite was present lower numbers of cysts were observed by microscope (CSF), but not with a molecular method (qPCR).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3810-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]],"date-time":"2019-11-21T16:03:17Z","timestamp":1574352197000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Host factors associated with Giardia duodenalis infection in dogs across multiple diagnostic tests"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mathilde","family":"Uiterwijk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolf","family":"Nijsse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frans N. J.","family":"Kooyman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaap A.","family":"Wagenaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lapo","family":"Mughini-Gras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harm W.","family":"Ploeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"3810_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.05.019","volume":"204","author":"R Nijsse","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nijsse R, Mughini-Gras L, Wagenaar JA, Ploeger HW. Coprophagy in dogs interferes in the diagnosis of parasitic infections by faecal examination. Vet Parasitol. 2014;204:304\u20139.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"3810_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI69932","volume":"123","author":"HL DuPont","year":"2013","unstructured":"DuPont HL. Giardia: both a harmless commensal and a devastating pathogen. J Clin Investig. 2013;123:2352\u20134.","journal-title":"J Clin Investig."},{"key":"3810_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2011.05.002","volume":"41","author":"JA Cotton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cotton JA, Beatty JK, Buret AG. Host parasite interactions and pathophysiology in Giardia infections. Int J Parasitol. 2011;41:925\u201333.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol."},{"key":"3810_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2015.04.001","volume":"45","author":"J \u0160lapeta","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u0160lapeta J, Dowd SE, Alanazi AD, Westman ME, Brown GK. Differences in the faecal microbiome of non-diarrhoeic clinically healthy dogs and cats associated with Giardia duodenalis infection: impact of hookworms and coccidia. Int J Parasitol. 2015;45:585\u201394.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol."},{"key":"3810_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2014056","volume":"21","author":"MF Heyworth","year":"2014","unstructured":"Heyworth MF. Immunological aspects of Giardia infections. Parasite. 2014;21:55.","journal-title":"Parasite."},{"key":"3810_CR6","first-page":"1453","volume":"27","author":"MA Travers","year":"2016","unstructured":"Travers MA, Sow C, Zirah S, Deregnaucourt C, Chaouch S, Queiroz RML, et al. Deconjugated bile salts produced by extracellular bile-salt hydrolase-like activities from the probiotic Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 inhibit Giardia duodenalis in vitro growth. Front Microbiol. 2016;27:1453.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"3810_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00101","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00101-17","volume":"85","author":"SL Burgess","year":"2017","unstructured":"Burgess SL, Gilchrist CA, Lynn TC, Petri WA Jr. Parasitic protozoa and interactions with the host intestinal microbiota. Infect Immun. 2017;85:e00101\u201317.","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"3810_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.007","volume":"30","author":"KR Tysnes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tysnes KR, Skancke E, Robertson LJ. Subclinical Giardia in dogs: a veterinary conundrum relevant to human infection. Trends Parasitol. 2014;30:520\u20137.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"3810_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2016.07.019","volume":"34","author":"E Einarsson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Einarsson E, Ma\u02bcayeh S, Svard SG. An up-date on Giardia and giardiasis. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2016;34:47\u201352.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol."},{"key":"3810_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-10-23","volume":"10","author":"ABDR Gizzi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gizzi ABDR, Oliveira ST, Leutenegger CM, Estrada M, Kozemjakin DA, Stedile R, et al. Presence of infectious agents and co-infections in diarrheic dogs determined with a real-time polymerase chain reaction-based panel. BMC Vet Res. 2014;10:23.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res."},{"key":"3810_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1053\/tvjl.1998.0327","volume":"157","author":"RJ Bugg","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bugg RJ, Robertson ID, Elliot AD, Thompson RCA. Gastrointestinal parasites of urban dogs in Perth, Western Australia. Vet J. 1999;157:295\u2013301.","journal-title":"Vet J."},{"key":"3810_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.05.010","volume":"172","author":"M Upjohn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Upjohn M, Cobb C, Monger J, Geurden T, Claerebout E, Fox M. Prevalence, molecular typing and risk factor analysis for Giardia duodenalis infections in dogs in a central London rescue shelter. Vet Parasitol. 2010;172:341\u20136.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"3810_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2","volume":"382","author":"KL Kotloff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kotloff KL, Nataro JP, Blackwelder WC, Nasrin D, Farag TH, Panchalingam S, et al. Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study. Lancet. 2013;382:209\u201322.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"3810_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1158","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001158","volume":"5","author":"J Veenemans","year":"2011","unstructured":"Veenemans J, Mank T, Ottenhof M, Baidjoe A, Mbugi EV, Demir AY, et al. Protection against diarrhea associated with Giardia intestinalis is lost with multi-nutrient supplementation: a study in Tanzanian children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5:e1158.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"3810_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmt085","volume":"60","author":"K Muhsen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Muhsen K, Cohen D, Levine MM. Can Giardia lamblia infection lower the risk of acute diarrhea among preschool children? J Trop Pediatr. 2014;60:99\u2013103.","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr."},{"key":"3810_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e109087","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109087","volume":"9","author":"JA Cotton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cotton JA, Motta JP, Schenck LP, Hirota SA, Beck PL, Buret AG. Giardia duodenalis infection reduces granulocyte infiltration in an in vivo model of bacterial toxin-induced colitis and attenuates inflammation in human intestinal tissue. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e109087.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3810_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20131671","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.1671","volume":"280","author":"AD Blackwell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Blackwell AD, Martin M, Kaplan H, Gurven M. Antagonism between two intestinal parasites in humans: the importance of co-infection for infection risk and recovery dynamics. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci. 2013;280:20131671.","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"3810_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(91)90071-Q","volume":"50","author":"RN Chunge","year":"1991","unstructured":"Chunge RN, Nagelkerke N, Karumba PN, Kaleli N, Wamwea M, Mutiso N, et al. Longitudinal study of young children in Kenya: intestinal parasitic infection with special reference to Giardia lamblia, its prevalence, incidence and duration, and its association with diarrhoea and with other parasites. Acta Trop. 1991;50:39\u201349.","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"3810_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.10.029","volume":"175","author":"A Bajer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bajer A, Bednarska M, Rodo A. Risk factors and control of intestinal parasite infections in sled dogs in Poland. Vet Parasitol. 2011;175:343\u201350.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"3810_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/40.6.329","volume":"40","author":"EK Rousham","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rousham EK. An increase in Giardia duodenalis infection among children receiving periodic anthelmintic treatment in Bangladesh. J Trop Pediatr. 1994;40:329\u201333.","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr."},{"key":"3810_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2010.12.001","volume":"117","author":"I Hagel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hagel I, Cabrera M, Puccio F, Santaella C, Buvat E, Infante B, et al. Co-infection with Ascaris lumbricoides modulates protective immune responses against Giardia duodenalis in school Venezuelan rural children. Acta Trop. 2011;117:189\u201395.","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"3810_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12119","volume":"54","author":"S Dupont","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dupont S, Butaye P, Claerebout E, Theuns S, Duchateau L, Van de Maele I, et al. Enteropathogens in pups from pet shops and breeding facilities. J Small Anim Pract. 2013;54:475\u201380.","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract."},{"key":"3810_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.11.006","volume":"249","author":"MF Sommer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sommer MF, Rupp P, Pietsch M, Kaspar A, Beelitz P. Giardia in a selected population of dogs and cats in Germany\u2014diagnostics, coinfections and assemblages. Vet Parasitol. 2018;249:49\u201356.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"3810_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.10.019","volume":"248","author":"I Symeonidou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Symeonidou I, Gelasakis A, Arsenopoulos KV, Schaper R, Papadopoulos E. Regression models to assess the risk factors of canine gastrointestinal parasitism. Vet Parasitol. 2017;248:54\u201361.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"3810_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3014-2","volume":"11","author":"M Uiterwijk","year":"2018","unstructured":"Uiterwijk M, Nijsse R, Kooyman FNJ, Wagenaar JA, Mughini-Gras L, Koop G, et al. Comparing four diagnostic tests for Giardia duodenalis in dogs using latent class analysis. Parasites Vectors. 2018;11:439.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors."},{"key":"3810_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-4218-9","volume":"114","author":"R Nijsse","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nijsse R, Ploeger HW, Wagenaar JA, Mughini-Gras L. Toxocara canis in household dogs: prevalence, risk factors and owners\u2019 attitude towards deworming. Parasitol Res. 2015;114:561\u20139.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res."},{"key":"3810_CR27","volume-title":"Veterinary clinical parasitology","author":"AM Zajac","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zajac AM, Conboy G. Veterinary clinical parasitology. 8th ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012.","edition":"8"},{"key":"3810_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00645.x","volume":"56","author":"RL Williams","year":"2000","unstructured":"Williams RL. A note on robust variance estimation for cluster-correlated data. Biometrics. 2000;56:645\u20136.","journal-title":"Biometrics."},{"key":"3810_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.11.024","volume":"161","author":"E Claerebout","year":"2009","unstructured":"Claerebout E, Casaert S, Dalemans AC, De Wilde N, Levecke B, Vercruysse J, et al. Giardia and other intestinal parasites in different dog populations in northern Belgium. Vet Parasitol. 2009;161:41\u20136.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"3810_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.12.011","volume":"207","author":"M Bouzid","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bouzid M, Halai K, Jeffreys D, Hunter PR. The prevalence of Giardia infection in dogs and cats, a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence studies from stool samples. Vet Parasitol. 2015;207:181\u2013202.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"3810_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.08.022","volume":"184","author":"V Mircean","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mircean V, Gy\u00f6rke A, Cozma V. Prevalence and risk factors of Giardia duodenalis in dogs from Romania. Vet Parasitol. 2012;184:325\u20139.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"3810_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.05.003","volume":"204","author":"MC Gates","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gates MC, Nolan TJ. Declines in canine endoparasite prevalence associated with the introduction of commercial heartworm and flea preventatives from 1984 to 2007. Vet Parasitol. 2014;204:265\u20138.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"3810_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S148","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-003-0922-6","volume":"90","author":"D Barutzki","year":"2003","unstructured":"Barutzki D, Schaper R. Endoparasites in dogs and cats in Germany 1999\u20132002. Parasitol Res. 2003;90:S148\u201350.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res."},{"key":"3810_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2402-8","volume":"109","author":"D Barutzki","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barutzki D, Schaper R. Results of parasitological examinations of faecal samples from cats and dogs in Germany between 2003 and 2010. Parasitol Res. 2011;109:S45\u201360.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res."},{"key":"3810_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1997.9694730","volume":"19","author":"PAM Overgaauw","year":"1997","unstructured":"Overgaauw PAM. Prevalence of intestinal nematodes of dogs and cats in the Netherlands. Vet Q. 1997;19:14\u20137.","journal-title":"Vet Q"},{"key":"3810_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1998.9694827","volume":"20","author":"PAM Overgaauw","year":"1998","unstructured":"Overgaauw PAM, Boersema JH. Nematode infections in dog breeding kennels in the Netherlands, with special reference to Toxocara. Vet Q. 1998;20:12\u20135.","journal-title":"Vet Q."},{"key":"3810_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.03.044","volume":"163","author":"PAM Overgaauw","year":"2009","unstructured":"Overgaauw PAM, van Zutphen L, Hoek D, Yaya FO, Roelfsema J, Pinelli E, et al. Zoonotic parasites in fecal samples and fur from dogs and cats in The Netherlands. Vet Parasitol. 2009;163:115\u201322.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"3810_CR38","first-page":"40","volume":"129","author":"WE Le Nobel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Le Nobel WE, Robben SRM, D\u00f6pfer D, Hendrikx WML, Boersema JH, Fransen F, et al. Infections with endoparasites in dogs in Dutch animal shelters. Tijdschr Diergeneesk. 2004;129:40\u20134.","journal-title":"Tijdschr Diergeneesk."},{"key":"3810_CR39","first-page":"282","volume":"105","author":"BH Rep","year":"1980","unstructured":"Rep BH. Roundworm infection (Toxocara and Toxascaris) in dogs in the Netherlands (author\u02bcs transl). Tijdschr Diergeneesk. 1980;105:282\u20139.","journal-title":"Tijdschr Diergeneesk."}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3810-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3810-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3810-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T02:07:05Z","timestamp":1605838025000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3810-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3810"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3810-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 June 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 November 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 November 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests. IDEXX Laboratories and Meridian Bioscience had no influence on the design, data analysis and interpretation of the results of this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"556"}}