{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T18:58:37Z","timestamp":1793473117980,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]],"date-time":"2019-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Snails such as<jats:italic>Galba truncatula<\/jats:italic>are hosts for trematode flukes causing fascioliasis, a zoonosis that is a major public health problem.<jats:italic>Galba truncatula<\/jats:italic>has recently been shown to be a cryptic species complex. African populations of<jats:italic>Galba<\/jats:italic>spp. are not yet studied using molecular assessments and is imperative to do so and reconstruct the centre of origin of<jats:italic>Galba<\/jats:italic>and to understand when and by what means it may have colonized the highlands of Africa and to what extent humans might have been involved in that process.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Samples from all known sub-ranges throughout Africa and new samples from Europe and Asia were obtained. We used a combination of two mitochondrial (<jats:italic>cox<\/jats:italic>1 and<jats:italic>16S<\/jats:italic>) and one nuclear (ITS2) markers and phylogenetic, divergence time estimates and phylogeographical methods to determine the identity and biogeographical affinities. We also reconstructed the colonization history including the likely mode of dispersal and tested for the presence of cryptic<jats:italic>Galba<\/jats:italic>species in Africa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Galba truncatula<\/jats:italic>is restricted to the Palaearctic region of the continent, namely Morocco. All sub-Saharan populations proved to be a distinct species according to the phylogenetic analyses and genetic distance. We propose to use the existing name<jats:italic>Galba mweruensis<\/jats:italic>(Connolly, 1929) for this species which is morphologically indistinguishable from the other two species hitherto known to occur in northern Africa, i.e.<jats:italic>G. truncatula<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>G. schirazensis<\/jats:italic>. Sub-tropical Africa has been colonized only once in either the Pliocene and possibly Miocene. Diversification within<jats:italic>G. mweruensis<\/jats:italic>is dated to the Plio-Pleistocene and thus human-mediated dispersal can be ruled out for the initial colonization of the isolated mountain ranges. There are potentially even more cryptic species in high altitude areas of Africa as outlined by the distinctness of the population found at the top of Mt. Elgon, Uganda.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>From a novel genetic inspection of available African material, a hitherto neglected distinct species,<jats:italic>G. mweruensis<\/jats:italic>, now appears a major host of<jats:italic>F. hepatica<\/jats:italic>throughout sub-Saharan Africa. A closer examination of trematode parasites hosted by this species is needed in order to understand transmission patterns in highlands throughout eastern and southern Africa. We encourage future studies to inspect other high altitudes areas in Africa in light of parasites of either veterinary or medical importance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3825-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]],"date-time":"2019-12-04T20:03:03Z","timestamp":1575489783000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Cryptic intermediate snail host of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica in Africa"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Mahulu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catharina","family":"Clewing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Stelbrink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred D.","family":"Chibwana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Immaculate","family":"Tumwebaze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Russell Stothard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Albrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"3825_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001008034","volume":"123","author":"S Mas-Coma","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mas-Coma S, Funatsu IR, Bargues MD. Fasciola hepatica and lymnaeid snails occurring at very high altitude in South America. Parasitology. 2001;123:115\u201327.","journal-title":"Parasitology."},{"issue":"7","key":"3825_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0414-7","volume":"9","author":"XT Lu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lu XT, Gu QY, Limpanont Y, Song LG, Wu ZD, Okanurak K, Lv ZY. Snail-borne parasitic diseases: an update on global epidemiological distribution, transmission interruption and control methods. Infect Dis Poverty. 2018;9(7):28.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty."},{"key":"3825_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-10-381","volume":"10","author":"AC Correa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Correa AC, Escobar JS, Durand P, Renaud F, David P, Jarne P, et al. Bridging gaps in the molecular phylogeny of the Lymnaeidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata), vectors of fascioliasis. BMC Evol Biol. 2010;10:381.","journal-title":"BMC Evol Biol."},{"key":"3825_CR4","first-page":"158","volume-title":"Freshwater mollusks of the world: a distribution atlas","author":"MV Vinarski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vinarski MV, Clewing C, Albrecht C. Lymnaeidae Rafinesque, 1815. In: Lydeard C, Cummings KS, editors. Freshwater mollusks of the world: a distribution atlas. Baltimore: JHU Press; 2019. p. 158\u201362."},{"key":"3825_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511542008","volume-title":"The ecology of freshwater molluscs","author":"RT Dillon","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dillon RT. The ecology of freshwater molluscs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2000."},{"key":"3825_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0915-5_4","volume-title":"Digenetic trematodes","author":"S Mas-Coma","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mas-Coma S, Valero MA, Bargues MD. Fascioliasis. Digenetic trematodes. New York: Springer; 2014. p. 77\u2013114."},{"key":"3825_CR7","first-page":"103","volume-title":"Biodiversit\u00e4t und Naturausstattung im Himalaya IV\u2019","author":"U B\u00f6\u00dfneck","year":"2012","unstructured":"B\u00f6\u00dfneck U. Leben am Limit: Besiedlung von S\u00fc\u00dfwasser-Habitaten extremer Hochlagen Asiens, Amerikas und Afrikas durch Mollusken (Mollusca: Bivalvia & Gastropoda). In: Hartmann M, Weipert J, editors. Biodiversit\u00e4t und Naturausstattung im Himalaya IV\u2019. Erfurt: Selfpublished; 2012. p. 103\u20136."},{"key":"3825_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1353\/book.66164","volume-title":"Freshwater mollusks of the world: a distribution atlas","author":"C Lydeard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lydeard C, Cummings KS. Freshwater mollusks of the world: a distribution atlas. Baltimore: JHU Press; 2019."},{"key":"3825_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-1348(01)00019-3","volume":"1","author":"MD Bargues","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bargues MD, Vigo M, Horak P, Dvorak J, Patzner RA, Pointier JP, et al. European Lymnaeidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda), intermediate hosts of trematodiases, based on nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS-2 sequences. Infect Genet Evol. 2001;1:85\u2013107.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol."},{"key":"3825_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1093\/mollus\/63.2.173","volume":"63","author":"EA Remigio","year":"1997","unstructured":"Remigio EA, Blair D. Molecular systematics of the freshwater snail family Lymnaeidae (Pulmonata: Basommatophora) utilising mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences. J Molluscan Stud. 1997;63:173\u201385.","journal-title":"J Molluscan Stud."},{"key":"3825_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2009.03.033","volume":"52","author":"L Puslednik","year":"2009","unstructured":"Puslednik L, Ponder WF, Dowton M, Davis AR. Examining the phylogeny of the Australasian Lymnaeidae (Heterobranchia: Pulmonata: Gastropoda) using mitochondrial, nuclear and morphological markers. Mol Phyl Evol. 2009;52:643\u201359.","journal-title":"Mol Phyl Evol."},{"key":"3825_CR12","unstructured":"Gl\u00f6er P. Die S\u00fc\u00dfwassergastropoden Nord-und Mitteleuropas. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands 73. Hackenheim: ConchBooks; 2002."},{"key":"3825_CR13","unstructured":"Seddon MB, Kebap\u00e7\u0131 U, Van Damme D. Galba truncatula. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. http:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/details\/10.2305. Accessed 19 Apr 2019."},{"key":"3825_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-174","volume":"5","author":"MD Bargues","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bargues MD, Artigas P, Khoubbane M, Ortiz P, Naquira C, Mas-Coma S. Molecular characterisation of Galba truncatula, Lymnaea neotropica and L. schirazensis from Cajamarca, Peru and their potential role in transmission of human and animal fascioliasis. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:174.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"3825_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2018.01.006","volume":"251","author":"P Alda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alda P, Lounnas M, V\u00e1zquez AA, Ayaqui R, Calvopi\u00f1a M, Celi-Erazo M, et al. A new multiplex PCR assay to distinguish among three cryptic Galba species, intermediate hosts of Fasciola hepatica. Vet Parasitol. 2018;251:101\u20135.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"3825_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.08.003","volume":"109","author":"T Duffy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Duffy T, Kleiman F, Pietrokovsky S, Issia L, Schijman AG, Wisnivesky-Colli C. Real-time PCR strategy for rapid discrimination among main lymnaeid species from Argentina. Acta Trop. 2009;109:1\u20134.","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"3825_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294x.2000.01040-2.x","volume":"9","author":"S Trouv\u00e9","year":"2000","unstructured":"Trouv\u00e9 S, Degen L, Meunier C, Tirard C, Hurtrez-Bouss\u00e8s S, Durand P, et al. Microsatellites in the hermaphroditic snail, Lymnaea truncatula, intermediate host of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica. Mol Ecol. 2000;9:1662\u20134.","journal-title":"Mol Ecol."},{"key":"3825_CR18","volume-title":"The freshwater Mollusca of northern Africa: distribution, biogeography and palaeoecology","author":"D Van Damme","year":"1984","unstructured":"Van Damme D. The freshwater Mollusca of northern Africa: distribution, biogeography and palaeoecology. The Hague: Dr. W. Junk Publishers; 1984."},{"key":"3825_CR19","first-page":"1","volume":"47","author":"PH Goll","year":"1979","unstructured":"Goll PH, Scott JM. Fascioliasis in the Ethiopian central highlands. Dynamics of intermediate snail host [Lymnaea truncatula] populations and their relation to infection in sheep [Fasciola hepatica, liver fluke]. Misc Rep-C Overseas Pest Res UK. 1979;47:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Misc Rep-C Overseas Pest Res UK"},{"key":"3825_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-196","volume":"5","author":"A Howell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Howell A, Mugisha L, Davies J, LaCourse EJ, Claridge J, Williams DJ, et al. Bovine fasciolosis at increasing altitudes: parasitological and malacological sampling on the slopes of Mount Elgon, Uganda. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:196.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"3825_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482295184","volume-title":"Freshwater snails of Africa and their medical importance","author":"DS Brown","year":"1994","unstructured":"Brown DS. Freshwater snails of Africa and their medical importance. London: CRC Press; 1994."},{"key":"3825_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007004076","volume":"135","author":"SM Walker","year":"2008","unstructured":"Walker SM, Makundi AE, Namuba FV, Kassuku AA, Keyyu J, Hoey EM, et al. The distribution of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica within southern Tanzania\u2014constraints associated with the intermediate host. Parasitology. 2008;135:495\u2013503.","journal-title":"Parasitology."},{"key":"3825_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v74i4.523","volume":"74","author":"KN De Kock","year":"2003","unstructured":"De Kock KN, Wolmarans CT, Bornmas M. Distribution and habitats of the snail Lymnaea truncatula, intermediate host of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica, in South Africa. J S Afr Vet Ass. 2003;74:117\u201322.","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Ass."},{"key":"3825_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/satnt.v27i1.78","volume":"27","author":"KN De Kock","year":"2008","unstructured":"De Kock KN, Wolmarans CT. The geographical distribution and habitats of three liver fluke intermediate hosts in South Africa and the health implications involved. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie. 2008;27:1\u201316.","journal-title":"Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie."},{"key":"3825_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(09)69002-3","volume":"69","author":"S Mas-Coma","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mas-Coma S, Valero MA, Bargues MD. Fasciola, lymnaeids and human fascioliasis, with a global overview on disease transmission, epidemiology, evolutionary genetics, molecular epidemiology and control. Adv Parasitol. 2009;69:41\u2013146.","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol."},{"key":"3825_CR26","volume-title":"Recent Lymnaeidae: their variation, morphology, taxonomy, nomenclature, and distribution","author":"B Hubendick","year":"1951","unstructured":"Hubendick B. Recent Lymnaeidae: their variation, morphology, taxonomy, nomenclature, and distribution. Berlin: Almqvist & Wiksell; 1951."},{"key":"3825_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24567","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024567","volume":"6","author":"MD Bargues","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bargues MD, Artigas P, Khoubbane M, Flores R, Gl\u00f6er P, Rojas-Garc\u00eda R, et al. Lymnaea schirazensis, an overlooked snail distorting fascioliasis data: genotype, phenotype, ecology, worldwide spread, susceptibility, applicability. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:24567.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"3825_CR28","first-page":"143","volume":"48","author":"T Wilke","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wilke T, Davis GM, Qiu DC, Spear RC. Extreme mitochondrial sequence diversity in the intermediate schistosomiasis host Oncomelania hupensis robertsoni: another case of ancestral polymorphism? Malacologia. 2006;48:143\u201357.","journal-title":"Malacologia."},{"key":"3825_CR29","first-page":"294","volume":"5","author":"O Folmer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Folmer O, Black M, Hoeh W, Lutz R, Vrijenhoek R. DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol. 1994;5:294\u20139.","journal-title":"Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol."},{"key":"3825_CR30","volume-title":"Simple fool\u02bcs guide to PCR","author":"S Palumbi","year":"1991","unstructured":"Palumbi S. Simple fool\u02bcs guide to PCR. Honolulu: Department of Zoology and Kewalo Marine Laboratory; 1991."},{"key":"3825_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2000)086[0537:IRSOGS]2.0.CO;2","volume":"86","author":"RJ Almeyda-Artigas","year":"2000","unstructured":"Almeyda-Artigas RJ, Bargues MD, Mas-Coma S. ITS-2 rDNA sequencing of Gnathostoma species (Nematoda) and elucidation of the species causing human gnathostomiasis in the Americas. J Parasitol. 2000;86:537\u201344.","journal-title":"J Parasitol."},{"key":"3825_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-016-0826-6","volume":"16","author":"B Stelbrink","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stelbrink B, Shirokaya AA, F\u00f6ller K, Wilke T, Albrecht C. Origin and diversification of Lake Ohrid\u2019s endemic acroloxid limpets: the role of geography and ecology. BMC Evol Biol. 2016;16:273.","journal-title":"BMC Evol Biol."},{"key":"3825_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054","volume":"33","author":"S Kumar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kumar S, Stecher G, Tamura K. MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol Biol Evol. 2016;33:1870\u20134.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol."},{"key":"3825_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010","volume":"30","author":"K Katoh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Katoh K, Standley DM. MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2013;30:772\u201380.","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"3825_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-11-579","volume":"11","author":"A L\u00f6ytynoja","year":"2010","unstructured":"L\u00f6ytynoja A, Goldman N. web PRANK: a phylogeny-aware multiple sequence aligner with interactive alignment browser. BMC Bioinform. 2010;11:579.","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform"},{"key":"3825_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/14.9.817","volume":"14","author":"D Posada","year":"1998","unstructured":"Posada D, Crandall KA. Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics. 1998;14:817\u20138.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics."},{"key":"3825_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/sys029","volume":"61","author":"F Ronquist","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ronquist F, Teslenko M, van der Mark P, Ayres DL, Darling A, H\u00f6hna S, et al. MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Syst Biol. 2012;61:539\u201342.","journal-title":"Syst Biol."},{"key":"3825_CR38","first-page":"214","volume-title":"Rambaut A","author":"AJ Drummond","year":"2007","unstructured":"Drummond AJ. Rambaut A. BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. BMC Evol Biol; 2007. p. 214."},{"key":"3825_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu033","volume":"30","author":"A Stamatakis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stamatakis A. RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics. 2014;30:1312\u20133.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics."},{"key":"3825_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller MA, Pfeiffer W, Schwartz T. Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. 2010 Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE); 2010. p. 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1109\/GCE.2010.5676129"},{"key":"3825_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mss075","volume":"29","author":"AJ Drummond","year":"2012","unstructured":"Drummond AJ, Suchard MA, Xie D, Rambaut A. Bayesian phylogenetics with BEAUti and the BEAST 1.7. Mol Biol Evol. 2012;29:1969\u201373.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol."},{"key":"3825_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294x.2000.01020.x","volume":"9","author":"M Clement","year":"2000","unstructured":"Clement M, Posada D, Crandall KA. TCS: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies. Mol Ecol. 2000;9:1657\u20139.","journal-title":"Mol Ecol."},{"key":"3825_CR43","first-page":"78","volume":"156","author":"M Connolly","year":"1929","unstructured":"Connolly M. Notes on African non-marine Mollusca, with descriptions of many new species. Ann Mag Nat Hist. 1929;156:78.","journal-title":"Ann Mag Nat Hist."},{"key":"3825_CR44","first-page":"24","volume":"64","author":"ND Kruglov","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kruglov ND, Starobogatov YI. The volume of the subgenus Galba and of the other Lymnaea (Gastropoda, Pulmonata) subgenera, similar to it. Zool Zhurnal. 1985;64:24\u201335.","journal-title":"Zool Zhurnal."},{"key":"3825_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.31610\/zsr\/2018.27.1.3","volume":"27","author":"MV Vinarski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vinarski MV. Galba robusta sp. nov. from Yemen (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae). Zoosyst Rossica. 2018;27:3\u201310.","journal-title":"Zoosyst Rossica."},{"key":"3825_CR46","volume-title":"The freshwater mollusks of Uganda and adjacent territories","author":"G Mandahl-Barth","year":"1954","unstructured":"Mandahl-Barth G. The freshwater mollusks of Uganda and adjacent territories. Tervuren: Royal Museum of Belgian Congo; 1954."},{"key":"3825_CR47","first-page":"149","volume":"31","author":"A Fain","year":"1951","unstructured":"Fain A. Ecological and parasitological notes on L. truncatula in the Belgian Congo. Ann Soc Belge Med Trop. 1951;31:149\u201352.","journal-title":"Ann Soc Belge Med Trop."},{"key":"3825_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.4002\/040.056.0213","volume":"56","author":"C Clewing","year":"2013","unstructured":"Clewing C, B\u00f6ssneck U, von Oheimb PV, Albrecht C. Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of a high mountain bivalve fauna: the Sphaeriidae of the Tibetan Plateau. Malacologia. 2013;56:231\u201353.","journal-title":"Malacologia."},{"key":"3825_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1111\/bij.12068","volume":"109","author":"PV Von Oheimb","year":"2013","unstructured":"Von Oheimb PV, Albrecht C, Riedel F, B\u00f6ssneck U, Zhang H, Wilke T. Testing the role of the Himalaya Mountains as a dispersal barrier in freshwater gastropods (Gyraulus spp.). Biol J Linn Soc. 2013;109:526\u201334.","journal-title":"Biol J Linn Soc."},{"key":"3825_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1366-9516.2005.00147.x","volume":"11","author":"AJ Green","year":"2005","unstructured":"Green AJ, Figuerola J. Recent advances in the study of long-distance dispersal of aquatic invertebrates via birds. Diver Distr. 2005;11:149\u201356.","journal-title":"Diver Distr."},{"key":"3825_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00027-011-0187-6","volume":"74","author":"H Kappes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kappes H, Haase P. Slow, but steady: dispersal of freshwater molluscs. Aquat Sci. 2012;74:1\u201314.","journal-title":"Aquat Sci."},{"key":"3825_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4103","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12840","volume":"23","author":"SC Cox","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cox SC, Prys-Jones RP, Habel JC, Amakobe BA, Day JJ. Niche divergence promotes rapid diversification of East African sky island white-eyes (Aves: Zosteropidae). Mol Ecol. 2014;23:4103\u201318.","journal-title":"Mol Ecol."},{"key":"3825_CR53","first-page":"391","volume-title":"Mountains, climate and biodiversity","author":"U Ring","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ring U, Albrecht C, Schrenk F. The East African Rift system: tectonics, climate and biodiversity. In: Hoorn C, Perrigo A, Antonelly A, editors. Mountains, climate and biodiversity. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell; 2018. p. 391\u2013411."},{"key":"3825_CR54","first-page":"841","volume":"4","author":"JE McCormack","year":"2009","unstructured":"McCormack JE, Huang H, Knowles LL, Gillespie R, Clague D. Sky islands. Encycl Isl. 2009;4:841\u20133.","journal-title":"Encycl Isl."},{"key":"3825_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2699.1997.00073.x","volume":"242","author":"C Br\u00fchl","year":"1997","unstructured":"Br\u00fchl C. Flightless insects: a test case for historical relationships of African mountains. J Biogeogr. 1997;242:233\u201350.","journal-title":"J Biogeogr."},{"key":"3825_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4046","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2010.04788.x","volume":"19","author":"LP Lawson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lawson LP. The discordance of diversification: evolution in the tropical montane frogs of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania. Mol Ecol. 2010;19:4046\u201360.","journal-title":"Mol Ecol."},{"key":"3825_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7750","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1048-z","volume":"568","author":"MK Peters","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peters MK, Hemp A, Appelhans T, Becker JN, Behler C, Classen A, et al. Climate-land-use interactions shape tropical mountain biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Nature. 2019;568:7750.","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"3825_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(17)33336-5","volume":"134","author":"PH Goll","year":"1978","unstructured":"Goll PH, Scott JM. The interrelationship of Lymnaea truncatula and ovine fascioliasis in the Ethiopian central highlands. Br Vet J. 1978;134:551\u20135.","journal-title":"Br Vet J."},{"key":"3825_CR59","first-page":"1","volume":"57","author":"JF Prinsloo","year":"1973","unstructured":"Prinsloo JF, Van Eeden JA. The distribution of the freshwater molluscs in Lesotho with particular reference to the intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica. Wet Byd Potchefstroomse Univ, B, Natuurwetenskappe. 1973;57:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Wet Byd Potchefstroomse Univ, B, Natuurwetenskappe."},{"key":"3825_CR60","first-page":"50","volume":"1","author":"JA Dinnik","year":"1957","unstructured":"Dinnik JA, Dinnik NN. A mud snail, Lymnaea mweruensis Connolly as an intermediate host of both liver flukes Fasciola hepatica L. and Fasciola gigantica Cobbold. Rep E Afr Vet Res Org. 1957;1:50\u20132.","journal-title":"Rep E Afr Vet Res Org."},{"key":"3825_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.06.006","volume":"109","author":"K Mehmood","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mehmood K, Zhang H, Sabir AJ, Abbas RZ, Ijaz M, Durrani AZ, et al. A review on epidemiology, global prevalence and economical losses of fasciolosis in ruminants. Microb Pathogenesis. 2017;109:253\u201362.","journal-title":"Microb Pathogenesis."},{"key":"3825_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018000914","volume":"145","author":"S Mas-Coma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mas-Coma S, Bargues MD, Valero MA. Human fascioliasis infection sources, their diversity, incidence factors, analytical methods and prevention measures. Parasitology. 2018;145:1665\u201399.","journal-title":"Parasitology."},{"key":"3825_CR63","first-page":"55","volume":"32","author":"L Abdul-Hamid","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abdul-Hamid L, Mchaile DN, Nyindo M. Diagnosis of human fascioliasis in Arusha region, northern Tanzania by microscopy and clinical manifestations. Tanzania Vet J. 2017;32:55\u201361.","journal-title":"Tanzania Vet J."},{"key":"3825_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-304","volume":"6","author":"CJ Standley","year":"2013","unstructured":"Standley CJ, Prepelitchi L, Pietrokovsky SM, Issia L, Stothard JR, Wisnivesky-Colli C. Molecular characterization of cryptic and sympatric lymnaeid species from the Galba\/Fossaria group in Mendoza Province, Northern Patagonia, Argentina. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:304.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"3825_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/21568316.2019.1569121","volume":"16","author":"H Kilungu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kilungu H, Leemans R, Munishi PK, Nicholls S, Amelung B. Forty years of climate and land-cover change and its effects on tourism resources in Kilimanjaro National Park. Tour Plan Development. 2019;16:235\u201353.","journal-title":"Tour Plan Development."},{"key":"3825_CR66","first-page":"1","volume":"72","author":"JF Prinsloo","year":"1976","unstructured":"Prinsloo JF, Van Eeden JA. Population dynamics of freshwater snails in Lesotho with particular reference to Lymnaea truncatula: the intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica. Wet Byd Potchefstroomse Univ, B, Natuurwetenskappe. 1976;72:1\u201360.","journal-title":"Wet Byd Potchefstroomse Univ, B, Natuurwetenskappe."}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3825-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3825-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3825-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T17:07:14Z","timestamp":1695488834000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3825-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3825"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3825-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 April 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 November 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 December 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"573"}}