{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T20:37:38Z","timestamp":1787258258785,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]],"date-time":"2020-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578614400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]],"date-time":"2020-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGE-1746939"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-1746939"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"USDA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Multistate Hatch Project MS-1443\/1943"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Multistate Hatch Project MS-1443\/1943"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"USDA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NC-2630"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NC-2630"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Urbanization is occurring rapidly on a global scale and is altering mosquito communities, creating assemblages that are characteristically less diverse. Despite high rates of urbanization and ample examples of vector-borne diseases transmitted by multiple species, the effects of urbanization-driven mosquito diversity losses on disease transmission has not been well explored. We investigated this question using the dog heartworm, a filarial parasite vectored by numerous mosquito species.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We trapped host-seeking mosquitoes in undeveloped areas and neighborhoods of different ages in Wake County, North Carolina, USA, analyzing captured mosquitoes for heartworm DNA. We compared within-mosquito heartworm infection across land-use types by Kruskal\u2013Wallis and likelihood ratio tests. Using zip code level data acquired from dogs in a local shelter, we performed linear regressions of within-host heartworm prevalence by within-mosquito heartworm prevalence as well as by three mosquito diversity measures. We also determined the best predictor of host-level prevalence among models including within-mosquito infection, mosquito diversity and abundance, and socioeconomic status as variables.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Suburban areas had lower within-mosquito heartworm prevalence and lower likelihood of heartworm-positive mosquitoes than did undeveloped field sites, although no differences were seen between suburban and undeveloped wooded sites. No relationships were noted between within-mosquito and within-host heartworm prevalence. However, mosquito diversity metrics were positively correlated with host heartworm prevalence. Model selection revealed within-host prevalence was best predicted by a positive relationship with mosquito Shannon\u2013Wiener diversity and a negative relationship with household income.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our results demonstrate that decreases in mosquito diversity due to urbanization alter vector-borne disease risk. With regard to dog heartworm disease, this loss of mosquito diversity is associated with decreased heartworm prevalence within both the vector and the host. Although the response is likely different for diseases transmitted by one or few species, mosquito diversity losses leading to decreased transmission could be generalizable to other pathogens with multiple vectors. This study contributes to better understanding of the effects of urbanization and the role of vector diversity in multi-vectored pathosystems.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3874-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]],"date-time":"2020-01-10T09:03:34Z","timestamp":1578647014000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Mosquito diversity and dog heartworm prevalence in suburban areas"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Meredith R.","family":"Spence Beaulieu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Federico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7307-9416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael H.","family":"Reiskind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"3874_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-117","volume":"3","author":"ME Sinka","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sinka ME, Bangs MJ, Manguin S, Coetzee M, Mbogo CM, Hemingway J, et al. The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in Africa, Europe and the Middle East: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic pr\u00e9cis. Parasit Vectors. 2010;3:117.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"3874_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-010715-023819","volume":"61","author":"KJ Linthicum","year":"2016","unstructured":"Linthicum KJ, Britch SC, Anyamba A. Rift Valley fever: an emerging mosquito-borne disease. Annu Rev Entomol. 2016;61:395\u2013415.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol."},{"key":"3874_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22053","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.22053","volume":"6","author":"MV Evans","year":"2017","unstructured":"Evans MV, Dallas TA, Han BA, Murdock CC, Drake JM. Data-driven identification of potential Zika virus vectors. Elife. 2017;6:e22053.","journal-title":"Elife."},{"key":"3874_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.54.110807.090626","volume":"54","author":"MJ Bockarie","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bockarie MJ, Pedersen EM, White GB, Michael E. Role of vector control in the global program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Annu Rev Entomol. 2009;54:469\u201387.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol."},{"key":"3874_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.03.008","volume":"158","author":"DO Fuller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fuller DO, Alimi T, Herrera S, Beier JC, Qui\u00f1ones ML. Spatial association between malaria vector species richness and malaria in Colombia. Acta Trop. 2016;158:197\u2013200.","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"3874_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/668591","volume":"181","author":"B Roche","year":"2012","unstructured":"Roche B, Rohani P, Dobson AP, Gu\u00e9gan J. The impact of community organization on vector-borne pathogens. Am Nat. 2012;181:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Am Nat."},{"key":"3874_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12000","volume":"27","author":"MH Reiskind","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reiskind MH, Lounibos LP. Spatial and temporal patterns of abundance of Aedes aegypti L. (Stegomyia aegypti) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) [Stegomyia albopictus (Skuse)] in southern Florida. Med Vet Entomol. 2013;27:421\u20139.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol."},{"key":"3874_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-40.6.785","volume":"40","author":"MA Braks","year":"2003","unstructured":"Braks MA, Hon\u00f3rio NA, Louren\u00e7o-De-Oliveira R, Juliano SA, Lounibos LP. Convergent habitat segregation of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in southeastern Brazil and Florida. J Med Entomol. 2003;40:785\u201394.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol."},{"key":"3874_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0161","volume":"94","author":"DBM Steiger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Steiger DBM, Ritchie SA, Laurance SG. Land use influences mosquito communities and disease risk on remote tropical islands: a case study using a novel sampling technique. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;94:314\u201321.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"3874_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0215485","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215485","volume":"14","author":"MR Spence Beaulieu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Spence Beaulieu MR, Hopperstad K, Dunn RR, Reiskind MH. Simplification of vector communities during suburban succession. PloS ONE. 2019;14:e0215485.","journal-title":"PloS ONE."},{"key":"3874_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2507","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002507","volume":"7","author":"P Thongsripong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thongsripong P, Green A, Kittayapong P, Kapan D, Wilcox B, Bennett S. Mosquito vector diversity across habitats in central Thailand endemic for dengue and other arthropod-borne diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7:e2507.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"3874_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29002","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29002","volume":"6","author":"M Ferraguti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ferraguti M, Mart\u00ednez-de la Puente J, Roiz D, Ruiz S, Soriguer R, Figuerola J. Effects of landscape anthropization on mosquito community composition and abundance. Sci Rep. 2016;6:29002.","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"3874_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585(2008)45[1023:LUAMDI]2.0.CO;2","volume":"45","author":"MF Johnson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Johnson MF, G\u00f3mez A, Pinedo-Vasquez M. Land use and mosquito diversity in the Peruvian Amazon. J Med Entomol. 2008;45:1023\u201330.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol."},{"key":"3874_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12254","volume":"42","author":"MRW de Valdez","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Valdez MRW. Mosquito species distribution across urban, suburban, and semi-rural residences in San Antonio. Texas. J Vector Ecol. 2017;42:184\u20139.","journal-title":"Texas. J Vector Ecol."},{"key":"3874_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-009-0260-y","volume":"6","author":"S Junglen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Junglen S, Kurth A, Kuehl H, Quan P, Ellerbrok H, Pauli G, et al. Examining landscape factors influencing relative distribution of mosquito genera and frequency of virus infection. Ecohealth. 2009;6:239\u201349.","journal-title":"Ecohealth."},{"key":"3874_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182015000578","volume":"143","author":"AW Park","year":"2016","unstructured":"Park AW, Cleveland CA, Dallas TA, Corn JL. Vector species richness increases haemorrhagic disease prevalence through functional diversity modulating the duration of seasonal transmission. Parasitology. 2016;143:874\u20139.","journal-title":"Parasitology."},{"key":"3874_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2010.01.003","volume":"26","author":"AC Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee AC, Montgomery SP, Theis JH, Blagburn BL, Eberhard ML. Public health issues concerning the widespread distribution of canine heartworm disease. Trends Parasitol. 2010;26:168\u201373.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"3874_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.238.3.311","volume":"238","author":"JK Levy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Levy JK, Lappin MR, Glaser AL, Birkenheuer AJ, Anderson TC, Edinboro CH. Prevalence of infectious diseases in cats and dogs rescued following Hurricane Katrina. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2011;238:311\u20137.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"3874_CR19","unstructured":"American Heartworm Society. Incidence maps. https:\/\/www.heartwormsociety.org\/veterinary-resources\/incidence-maps. Accessed 12 Jun 2019."},{"key":"3874_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.09.005","volume":"26","author":"N Ledesma","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ledesma N, Harrington L. Mosquito vectors of dog heartworm in the United States: vector status and factors influencing transmission efficiency. Top Companion Anim Med. 2011;26:178\u201385.","journal-title":"Top Companion Anim Med."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"3874_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12069","volume":"28","author":"KL Paras","year":"2014","unstructured":"Paras KL, o\u2019brien VA, Reiskind MH. Comparison of the vector potential of different mosquito species for the transmission of heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, in rural and urban areas in and surrounding Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA. Med Vet Entomol. 2014;28(Suppl. 1):60\u20137.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol."},{"key":"3874_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.05.020","volume":"243","author":"LA Figueredo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Figueredo LA, da Silva Sales KG, Deuster K, Pollmeier M, Otranto D, et al. Exposure to vector-borne pathogens in privately owned dogs living in different socioeconomic settings in Brazil. Vet Parasitol. 2017;243:18\u201323.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"3874_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjx103","volume":"54","author":"E Little","year":"2017","unstructured":"Little E, Biehler D, Leisnham PT, Jordan R, Wilson S, LaDeau SL. Socio-ecological mechanisms supporting high densities of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Baltimore, MD. J Med Entomol. 2017;54:1183\u201392.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol."},{"key":"3874_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10041505","volume":"10","author":"S LaDeau","year":"2013","unstructured":"LaDeau S, Leisnham P, Biehler D, Bodner D. Higher mosquito production in low-income neighborhoods of Baltimore and Washington, DC: understanding ecological drivers and mosquito-borne disease risk in temperate cities. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2013;10:1505\u201326.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"3874_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3256","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110303256","volume":"11","author":"B Becker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Becker B, Leisnham P, LaDeau SL. A tale of two city blocks: differences in immature and adult mosquito abundances between socioeconomically different urban blocks in Baltimore (Maryland, USA). Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11:3256\u201370.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"3874_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1603\/ME12250","volume":"50","author":"Z Dowling","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dowling Z, Ladeau SL, Armbruster P, Biehler D, Leisnham PT. Socioeconomic status affects mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) larval habitat type availability and infestation level. J Med Entomol. 2013;50:764\u201372.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol."},{"key":"3874_CR27","unstructured":"Google Inc. Google Earth;7.1.5.1557."},{"key":"3874_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12193","volume":"31","author":"MH Reiskind","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reiskind MH, Griffin RH, Janairo MS, Hopperstad KA. Mosquitoes of field and forest: the scale of habitat segregation in a diverse mosquito assemblage. Med Vet Entomol. 2017;31:44\u201354.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol."},{"key":"3874_CR29","volume-title":"Identification and geographical distribution of the mosquitos of North America, north of Mexico","author":"RF Darsie","year":"2005","unstructured":"Darsie RF. Identification and geographical distribution of the mosquitos of North America, north of Mexico. Gainsville: University Press of Florida; 2005."},{"key":"3874_CR30","volume-title":"Mosquitoes of the southeastern United States","author":"ND Burkett-Cadena","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burkett-Cadena ND. Mosquitoes of the southeastern United States. Alabama: University of Alabama Press; 2013."},{"key":"3874_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/54.3.448","volume":"54","author":"EH Kardos","year":"1961","unstructured":"Kardos EH, Bellamy RE. Distinguishing nulliparous from parous female Culex tarsalis by examination of the ovarian tracheation. Ann Entomol Soc Am. 1961;54:448\u201351.","journal-title":"Ann Entomol Soc Am."},{"key":"3874_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.10.013","volume":"135","author":"M Rishniw","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rishniw M, Barr SC, Simpson KW, Frongillo MF, Franz M, Alpizar JLD. Discrimination between six species of canine microfilariae by a single polymerase chain reaction. Vet Parasitol. 2006;135:303\u201314.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"3874_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182003003275","volume":"127","author":"M Hu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hu M, Gasser RB, El-Osta YA, Chilton NB. Structure and organization of the mitochondrial genome of the canine heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis. Parasitology. 2003;127:37\u201351.","journal-title":"Parasitology."},{"key":"3874_CR34","unstructured":"Biggerstaff BJ. PooledInfRate: a Microsoft Office Excel add-in to compute prevalence estimates from pooled samples. 4.0; 2009. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/westnile\/resourcepages\/mosqSurvSoft.html\/. Accessed 17 Oct 2019."},{"key":"3874_CR35","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2018. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/. Accessed 6 Aug 2018."},{"key":"3874_CR36","unstructured":"Lamstein A. choroplethrZip: shapefile, metadata and visualization functions for US Zip Code tabulated areas (ZCTAs). 1.5.0; 2018. https:\/\/github.com\/arilamstein\/choroplethrZip. Accessed 30 Jun 2018."},{"key":"3874_CR37","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau. American FactFinder. 2013\u20132017 American Community Survey. https:\/\/factfinder.census.gov\/. Accessed 1 Mar 2019."},{"key":"3874_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4794","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4794","volume":"6","author":"XA Harrison","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harrison XA, Donaldson L, Correa-Cano ME, Evans J, Fisher DN, Goodwin CE, et al. A brief introduction to mixed effects modelling and multi-model inference in ecology. PeerJ. 2018;6:e4794.","journal-title":"PeerJ."},{"key":"3874_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1645\/13-443.1","volume":"100","author":"RTT Fryxell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fryxell RTT, Lewis TT, Peace H, Hendricks BB, Paulsen D. Identification of avian malaria (Plasmodium sp.) and canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) in the mosquitoes of Tennessee. J Parasitol. 2014;100:455\u201363.","journal-title":"J Parasitol."},{"key":"3874_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2019.741","volume":"14","author":"E McGill","year":"2019","unstructured":"McGill E, Berke O, Peregrine AS, Weese JS. Epidemiology of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in domestic dogs in Ontario, Canada: geographic distribution, risk factors and effects of climate. Geospat Health. 2019;14:741.","journal-title":"Geospat Health."},{"key":"3874_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/36.4.441","volume":"36","author":"JK Nayar","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nayar JK, Knight JW. Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae): an experimental and natural host of Dirofilaria immitis (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae) in Florida, USA. J Med Entomol. 1999;36:441\u20138.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol."},{"key":"3874_CR42","first-page":"377","volume":"5","author":"CS Apperson","year":"1989","unstructured":"Apperson CS, Engber B, Levine JF. Relative suitability of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti in North Carolina to support development of Dirofilaria immitis. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1989;5:377\u201382.","journal-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc."},{"key":"3874_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-245","volume":"5","author":"HE Brown","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brown HE, Harrington LC, Kaufman PE, McKay T, Bowman DD, Nelson CT, et al. Key factors influencing canine heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, in the United States. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:245.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"3874_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.7589\/2015-01-002","volume":"51","author":"MC Chitwood","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chitwood MC, Swingen MB, Lashley MA, Flowers JR, Palamar MB, Apperson CS, et al. Parasitology and serology of free-ranging coyotes (Canis latrans) in North Carolina, USA. J Wildl Dis. 2015;51:664\u20139.","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis."},{"key":"3874_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3390\/ani4030409","volume":"4","author":"E Weiss","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weiss E, Slater M, Garrison L, Drain N, Dolan E, Scarlett J, et al. Large dog relinquishment to two municipal facilities in New York City and Washington, DC: identifying targets for intervention. Animals. 2014;4:409\u201333.","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"3874_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.07.003","volume":"29","author":"M Bonizzoni","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bonizzoni M, Gasperi G, Chen X, James AA. The invasive mosquito species Aedes albopictus: current knowledge and future perspectives. Trends Parasitol. 2013;29:460\u20138.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"3874_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00072-15","volume":"29","author":"D Musso","year":"2016","unstructured":"Musso D, Gubler DJ. Zika virus. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016;29:487\u2013524.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"3874_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e102261","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102261","volume":"9","author":"AJ Terando","year":"2014","unstructured":"Terando AJ, Costanza J, Belyea C, Dunn RR, McKerrow A, Collazo JA. The southern megalopolis: using the past to predict the future of urban sprawl in the Southeast US. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e102261.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3874-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3874-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3874-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,9]],"date-time":"2021-01-09T01:39:31Z","timestamp":1610156371000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3874-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3874"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3874-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 August 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 December 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 January 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"12"}}