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Treatment failure of macrocyclic lactones against\n                      <jats:italic>Psoroptes ovis<\/jats:italic>\n                      has been reported, but clear evidence of\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      resistance is lacking. This study assessed the efficacy of macrocyclic lactone products on 16 beef farms in Belgium and the Netherlands\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      On each farm a group of animals (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097\u201314) with psoroptic mange was treated with two subcutaneous injections of a macrocyclic lactone product with 7\u201310\u00a0days interval (15 farms) or a single injection with a long-acting macrocyclic lactone (1 farm).\n                      <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      efficacy was assessed by the reduction in mite counts, clinical index (proportion of the body surface affected by lesions), the proportion of the animals with negative mite counts after the first treatment round and the number of treatment rounds needed to obtain zero mites counts in all animals. A mite population was categorized as sensitive when the mite count reduction after the first treatment round &gt;\u200995% and the lower limit of the uncertainty interval &gt;\u200990%. Resistance was detected when both parameters were below their threshold and suspected when one parameter was too low.\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      knockdown and mortality were evaluated in a contact test.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The proportion of the animals with negative mite counts after the first treatment round varied from 0 to 80%. All farms needed two or more treatments rounds to obtain zero mite counts on all animals. Clinical index only started to reduce after the second treatment round. Mite populations from three farms were categorized as sensitive, one as suspected resistant and 12 as resistant. No correlation was found between\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      lethal dose 50 and knockdown dose 50 values and\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      efficacy parameters.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Unambiguous treatment failure was detected on 12 out of 16 farms, confirming the presence of macrocyclic lactone resistance on Belgian Blue beef farms.\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      parameters could not discriminate the farms based on their\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      sensitivity. The mean reduction in mite counts and the lower limit of the confidence interval are proposed as parameters to identify acaricide resistance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04008-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]],"date-time":"2020-03-13T22:02:44Z","timestamp":1584136964000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Resistance against macrocyclic lactones in Psoroptes ovis in cattle"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Wouter","family":"van Mol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"De Wilde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stijn","family":"Casaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenzhen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marieke","family":"Vanhecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Duchateau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin","family":"Claerebout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"4008_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(99)00059-X","volume":"83","author":"BJ Losson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Losson BJ, Lonneux JF, Lekimme M. 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