{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T12:09:32Z","timestamp":1793189372912,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]],"date-time":"2020-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588809600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]],"date-time":"2020-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The transmission of malaria is known to be sensitive to the survival (longevity, mortality) of its mosquito vector, yet there have been few reviews of estimates of this important population parameter in the malaria-carrying genus<jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We carried out a systematic search for and meta-analysis of survival estimates, framed around the methods of estimation, under the major groupings of \u201bvertical\u2019 (based on stable age or stage frequencies), \u201bhorizontal\u2019 (based on recaptures of marked and released cohorts), and \u201bparasitological\u2019 (proportion of infectious mosquitoes). Because of the intricacies of the estimation process we provide an outline of these methods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>By meta-analysis we quantify the average of the distribution of daily survival<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$p$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>for vertical (0.83, 95% CI: 0.80\u20130.86), horizontal (0.73, 95% CI: 0.66\u20130.79) and parasitological (0.92, 95% CI: 0.86\u20130.95) methods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The meta-analysis demonstrates the anticipated result that horizontal estimates are lowest because they estimate apparent survival (survival and non-emigration) rather than true survival. On the other hand, vertical methods make strong assumptions about the stability or stationarity of the underlying populations. Further potential sources of methodological bias are mentioned. The substantial differences in estimates between methods indicates that methodological biases need to be considered when making use of available survival estimates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04092-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]],"date-time":"2020-05-07T12:02:57Z","timestamp":1588852977000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["An overview of malarial Anopheles mosquito survival estimates in relation to methodology"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3743-1627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin","family":"Matthews","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Bethel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goldie","family":"Osei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"4092_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198545996.001.0001","volume-title":"Infectious diseases of humans","author":"R Anderson","year":"1991","unstructured":"Anderson R, May R. Infectious diseases of humans. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1991."},{"key":"4092_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-3-13","volume":"3","author":"DL Smith","year":"2004","unstructured":"Smith DL, McKenzie F. Statics and dynamics of malaria infection in Anopheles mosquitoes. Malar J. 2004;3:13.","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"4092_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trv113","volume":"110","author":"O Brady","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brady O, Godfray H, Tatem AJ, Gething P, Cohen J, McKenzie F, et al. Vectorial capacity and vector control: reconsidering sensitivity to parameters for malaria elimination. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2016;110:107\u201317.","journal-title":"Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"4092_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-008-9299-0","volume":"70","author":"N Chitnis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chitnis N, Hyman J, Cushing J. Determining important parameters in the spread of malaria through a sensitivity analysis of a mathematical model. Bull Math Biol. 2008;70:1272\u201396.","journal-title":"Bull Math Biol."},{"key":"4092_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.486","volume":"70","author":"A Kiszewski","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kiszewski A, Mellinger A, Spielman A, Malaney P, Ehrilch S, Sachs J. A global index representing the stability of malaria transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;70:486\u201398.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"4092_CR6","volume-title":"Analysis of capture-recapture data","author":"R McRea","year":"2015","unstructured":"McRea R, Morgan B. Analysis of capture-recapture data. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall; 2015."},{"key":"4092_CR7","volume-title":"Malaria: Principles and practice of malariology","author":"M Gillies","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gillies M. Anopheline mosquitos: vector behaviour and bionomics. In: Werensdorfer W, MacGregor I, editors. Malaria: Principles and practice of malariology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1988."},{"key":"4092_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300056339","volume":"56","author":"M Gillies","year":"1965","unstructured":"Gillies M, Wilkes T. A study of the age composition of populations of Anopheles gambiae Giles and A. funestus Giles in North-Eastern Tanzania. Bull Entomol Res. 1965;56:237\u201362.","journal-title":"Bull Entomol Res."},{"key":"4092_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1942.s1-22.517","volume":"22","author":"RC Russell","year":"1942","unstructured":"Russell RC, Rao T. Observations on the longevity of Anopheles culicifacies imagines. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1942;22:517\u201333.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"4092_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.2307\/2402401","volume":"18","author":"A Clements","year":"1981","unstructured":"Clements A, Paterson G. The analysis of mortality and survival rates in wild populations of mosquitoes. J Appl Ecol. 1981;18:373\u201399.","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol."},{"key":"4092_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-6666-5","volume-title":"Mosquito Ecology","author":"J Silver","year":"2008","unstructured":"Silver J. Methods of age-grading adults and estimation of adult survival rates. Mosquito Ecology. Dordrecht: Springer; 2008."},{"key":"4092_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-276","volume":"7","author":"C Guerra","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guerra C, Reiner R, Perkins T, Lindsay S, Midega J, Brady O, et al. A global assembly of adult female mosquito mark-release-recapture data to inform the control of mosquito-borne pathogens. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:276.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"4092_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-351","volume":"6","author":"O Brady","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brady O, Johansson MA, Guerra C, Bhatt S, Golding N, Pigott D, et al. Modelling adult Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus survival at different temperatures in laboratory and field settings. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:351.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"4092_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1890\/ES15-00094.1","volume":"6","author":"S Ryan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ryan S, Ben-Horin T, Johnson L. Malaria control and senescence: the importance of accounting the for the pace and shape of aging in wild mosquitoes. Ecosphere. 2015;6:170.","journal-title":"Ecosphere."},{"key":"4092_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1995.11812943","volume":"89","author":"T Burkot","year":"1995","unstructured":"Burkot T, Graves P. The value of vector-based estimates of malaria transmission. Ann Trop Med Parasit. 1995;89:125\u201334.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasit."},{"key":"4092_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2008.09.018","volume":"256","author":"F Gosselin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gosselin F, Lebreton J. Asymptotic properties of infinite Leslie matrices. J Theor Biol. 2009;256:157\u201363.","journal-title":"J Theor Biol."},{"key":"4092_CR17","volume-title":"Matrix population models","author":"H Caswell","year":"2001","unstructured":"Caswell H. Matrix population models. Sunderland: Sinauer; 2001."},{"key":"4092_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1080\/10236198.2012.672566","volume":"19","author":"J Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li J. Simple discrete-time malarial models. J Differ Equ Appl. 2013;19:649.","journal-title":"J Differ Equ Appl."},{"key":"4092_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1038\/174792a0","volume":"174","author":"G Davidson","year":"1954","unstructured":"Davidson G. Estimation of the survival rate of anopheline mosquitoes in nature. Nature. 1954;174:792\u20133.","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"4092_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.2307\/4315","volume":"51","author":"MH Birley","year":"1982","unstructured":"Birley MH, Boorman J. Estimating the survival and biting rates of haematophagous insects, with particular reference to the Culicoides obsoletus group in southern England. J Anim Ecol. 1982;51:135\u201348.","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol."},{"key":"4092_CR21","first-page":"47","volume":"14","author":"M Milby","year":"1989","unstructured":"Milby M, Reisen W. Estimation of vectorial capacity: vector survivorship. Bull Soc Vector Ecol. 1989;14:47\u201354.","journal-title":"Bull Soc Vector Ecol."},{"key":"4092_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(53)80005-2","volume":"47","author":"G Davidson","year":"1953","unstructured":"Davidson G, Draper C. Field studies of some of the basic factors concerned in the transmission of malaria. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1953;47:522\u201335.","journal-title":"Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"4092_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2307\/2403572","volume":"27","author":"A Saul","year":"1990","unstructured":"Saul A, Graves P, Kay B. A cyclic feeding model for pathogen transmission and its application to determine vectorial capacity from vector infection rates. J Appl Ecol. 1990;27:123\u201333.","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol."},{"key":"4092_CR24","first-page":"569","volume":"49","author":"G Macdonald","year":"1952","unstructured":"Macdonald G. The analysis of the sporozoite rate. Trop Dis Bull. 1952;49:569\u201385.","journal-title":"Trop Dis Bull."},{"key":"4092_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-40.1.6","volume":"40","author":"J Buonaccorsi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Buonaccorsi J, Harrington L, Edman J. Estimation and comparison of mosquito survival rates with release-recapture-removal data. J Med Entomol. 2003;40:6\u201317.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol."},{"key":"4092_CR26","volume-title":"Investigating animal abundance: capture-recapture for biologists","author":"M Begon","year":"1979","unstructured":"Begon M. Investigating animal abundance: capture-recapture for biologists. Baltimore: University Park Press; 1979."},{"key":"4092_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300012098","volume":"77","author":"A Saul","year":"1987","unstructured":"Saul A. Estimation of survival rates and population size from mark-recapture experiments of bait-caught haematophagous insects. Bull Entomol Res. 1987;77:589\u2013602.","journal-title":"Bull Entomol Res."},{"key":"4092_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300051993","volume":"85","author":"JD Charlwood","year":"1995","unstructured":"Charlwood JD, Kihonda J, Sama S, Billingsley P, Hadji H, Verhave J, et al. The rise and fall of Anopheles arabiensis in a Tanzanian village. Bull Entomol Res. 1995;85:37\u201344.","journal-title":"Bull Entomol Res."},{"key":"4092_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300041304","volume":"87","author":"JD Charlwood","year":"1997","unstructured":"Charlwood JD, Smith T, Billingsley PF, Takken W, Lyimo E, Meuwissen J. Survival and infection probabilities of anthropophagic anophelines from an area of high prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in humans. Bull Entomol Res. 1997;87:445\u201353.","journal-title":"Bull Entomol Res"},{"key":"4092_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1979.11687255","volume":"73","author":"W Reisen","year":"1979","unstructured":"Reisen W, Aslamkhan M. A release-recapture experiment with the malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston, with observations on dispersal, survivorship, population size, gonotrophic rhythm and mating behaviour. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1979;73:251\u201369.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol."},{"key":"4092_CR31","first-page":"77","volume":"80","author":"WK Reisen","year":"1986","unstructured":"Reisen WK, Mahmood F, Niaz S, Azra K, Parveen T, et al. Population dynamics of some Pakistan mosquitoes: temporal changes in reproductive status, age structure and survivorship of Anopheles culicifacies, An. stephensi and Culex tritaeniorhynchus. Pathog Glob Health. 1986;80:77\u201395.","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health."},{"key":"4092_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0418.1989.tb00273.x","volume":"107","author":"I Aniedu","year":"1989","unstructured":"Aniedu I, Mutinga M, Mutero CM. Age composition and survival rate of Anopheles gambiae Giles complex in Baringo district Kenya. J Applied Entomol. 1989;107:387\u201394.","journal-title":"J Applied Entomol."},{"key":"4092_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000062454","volume":"102","author":"J Lines","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lines J, Wilkes T, Lyimo E. Human malaria infectiousness measured by age specific sporozoite rates in Anopheles gambiae in Tanzania. Parasitology. 1991;102:167\u201377.","journal-title":"Parasitology."},{"key":"4092_CR34","first-page":"319","volume":"42","author":"S Omer","year":"1970","unstructured":"Omer S, Cloudsley-Thompson J. Survival of female Anopheles gambiae Giles through a 9-Month dry season in Sudan. Bull World Health Organ. 1970;42:319\u201330.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ."},{"key":"4092_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.2307\/2403573","volume":"27","author":"P Graves","year":"1990","unstructured":"Graves P, Burkot T, Saul A, Hayes R, Carter R. Estimation of anopheline survival rate, vectorial capacity and mosquito infection probability from malaria infection rates in villages near Madang, Papua New Guinea. J Appl Ecol. 1990;27:134\u201347.","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol."},{"key":"4092_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25753","volume":"555","author":"J Gurevitch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gurevitch J, Koricheva J, Nakagawa S, Stewart G. Meta-analysis and the science of research synthesis. Nature. 2018;555:175\u201382.","journal-title":"Nature."}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04092-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04092-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04092-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T12:56:39Z","timestamp":1722862599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04092-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4092"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04092-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 September 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 April 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 May 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"233"}}