{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:40:22Z","timestamp":1787020822051,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]],"date-time":"2020-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588723200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]],"date-time":"2020-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203513"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["226266"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["226266"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["270068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["270068"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Blood-feeding is a common strategy among parasitizing arthropods, including the ectoparasitic salmon louse (\n                      <jats:italic>Lepeophtheirus salmonis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), feeding off its salmon host\u2019s skin and blood. Blood is rich in nutrients, among these iron and heme. These are essential molecules for the louse, yet their oxidative properties render them toxic to cells if not handled appropriately. Blood-feeding might therefore alter parasite gene expression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We infected Atlantic salmon with salmon louse copepodids and sampled the lice in two different experiments at day 10 and 18 post-infestation. Parasite development and presence of host blood in their intestines were determined. Lice of similar instar age sampled from body parts with differential access to blood, namely from gills\n                      <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                      lice from skin epidermis, were analysed for gene expression by RNA-sequencing in samples taken at day 10 for both experiments and at day 18 for one of the experiments.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that lice started feeding on blood when becoming mobile preadults if sitting on the fish body; however, they may initiate blood-feeding at the chalimus I stage if attached to gills. Lice attached to gills develop at a slower rate. By differential expression analysis, we found 355 transcripts elevated in lice sampled from gills and 202 transcripts elevated in lice sampled from skin consistent in all samplings. Genes annotated with \u201cpeptidase activity\u201d were among the ones elevated in lice sampled from gills, while in the other group genes annotated with \u201cphosphorylation\u201d and \u201cphosphatase\u201d were pervasive. Transcripts elevated in lice sampled from gills were often genes relatively highly expressed in the louse intestine compared with other tissues, while this was not the case for transcripts elevated in lice sampled from skin. In both groups, more than half of the transcripts were from genes more highly expressed after attachment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gill settlement results in an alteration in gene expression and a premature onset of blood-feeding likely causes the parasite to develop at a slower pace.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04096-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]],"date-time":"2020-05-06T07:03:42Z","timestamp":1588748622000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Host gill attachment causes blood-feeding by the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) chalimus larvae and alters parasite development and transcriptome"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Erna Irene","family":"Heggland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Dondrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Nilsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2149-5845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christiane","family":"Eichner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"4096_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-15-32","volume":"15","author":"R Skern-Mauritzen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Skern-Mauritzen R, Torrissen O, Glover KA. Pacific and Atlantic Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Kr\u00f8yer, 1838) are allopatric subspecies: Lepeophtheirus salmonis salmonis and L. salmonis oncorhynchi subspecies novo. BMC Genet. 2014;15:32.","journal-title":"BMC Genet."},{"key":"4096_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.12.006","volume":"31","author":"SM Aaen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aaen SM, Helgesen KO, Bakke MJ, Kaur K, Horsberg TE. Drug resistance in sea lice: a threat to salmonid aquaculture. Trends Parasitol. 2015;31:72\u201381.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"4096_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1139\/z91-138","volume":"69","author":"SC Johnson","year":"1991","unstructured":"Johnson SC, Albright LJ. The developmental stages of Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Kr\u00f8yer, 1837) (Copepoda: Caligidae). Can J Zool. 1991;69:929\u201350.","journal-title":"Can J Zool."},{"key":"4096_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e73539","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073539","volume":"8","author":"LA Hamre","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hamre LA, Eichner C, Caipang CMA, Dalvin ST, Bron JE, Nilsen F, et al. The salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: Caligidae) life cycle has only two chalimus tages. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e73539.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"4096_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04799.x","volume":"224","author":"JE Bron","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bron JE, Sommerville C, Jones M, Rae GH. The settlement and attachment of early stages of the salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: Caligidae) on the salmon host, Salmo salar. J Zool. 1991;224:201\u201312.","journal-title":"J Zool."},{"key":"4096_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2001)087[0561:FFMITS]2.0.CO;2","volume":"87","author":"P Gonzalez-Alanis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Alanis P, Wright GM, Johnson SC, Burka JF. Frontal filament morphogenesis in the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis. J Parasitol. 2001;87:561\u201374.","journal-title":"J Parasitol."},{"key":"4096_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1139\/z98-003","volume":"76","author":"PA Bj\u00f8rn","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bj\u00f8rn PA, Finstad B. The development of salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) on artificially infected post smolts of sea trout (Salmo truffa). Can J Zool. 1998;76:970\u20137.","journal-title":"Can J Zool."},{"key":"4096_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1996.tb01813.x","volume":"48","author":"A Grimnes","year":"1996","unstructured":"Grimnes A, Jakobsen PJ. The physiological effects of salmon lice infection on post-smolt of Atlantic salmon. J Fish Biol. 1996;48:1179\u201394.","journal-title":"J Fish Biol."},{"key":"4096_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315400051687","volume":"71","author":"SC Johnson","year":"1991","unstructured":"Johnson SC, Albright LJ. Development, growth, and survival of Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: Caligidae) under laboratory conditions. J Mar Biol Assoc UK. 1991;71:425\u201336.","journal-title":"J Mar Biol Assoc UK"},{"key":"4096_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3354\/aei00320","volume":"11","author":"L Hamre","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hamre L, Bui S, Oppedal F, Skern-Mauritzen R, Dalvin S. Development of the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis parasitic stages in temperatures ranging from 3 to 24\u00a0\u00b0C. Aquac Environ Interact. 2019;11:429\u201343.","journal-title":"Aquac Environ Interact."},{"key":"4096_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1993.tb02683.x","volume":"230","author":"JE Bron","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bron JE, Sommerville C, Rae GH. The functional morphology of the alimentary canal of larval stages of the parasitic copepod Lepeophtheirus salmonis. J Zool. 1993;230:207\u201320.","journal-title":"J Zool."},{"key":"4096_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.2307\/1549036","volume":"12","author":"A Nylund","year":"1992","unstructured":"Nylund A, \u00d8kland S, Bj\u00f8rknes B. Anatomy and ultrastructure of the alimentary canal in Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida). J Crustac Biol. 1992;12:423\u201337.","journal-title":"J Crustac Biol."},{"key":"4096_CR13","first-page":"341","volume":"24","author":"PO Brandal","year":"1976","unstructured":"Brandal PO, Egidins E, Romslo I. Host blood: a major food component for the parasitic copepod Lepeophtheirus salmonis Kroyeri, 1838 (Crustacea: Caligidae). Norweg J Zool. 1976;24:341\u20133.","journal-title":"Norweg J Zool"},{"key":"4096_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-002-0656-x","volume":"88","author":"S Johnson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Johnson S, Ewart K, Osborne J, Delage D, Ross N, Murray H. Molecular cloning of trypsin cDNAs and trypsin gene expression in the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: Caligidae). Parasitol Res. 2002;88:789\u201396.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res."},{"key":"4096_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.02.004","volume":"34","author":"BO Kvamme","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kvamme BO, Skern R, Frost P, Nilsen F. Molecular characterisation of five trypsin-like peptidase transcripts from the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) intestine. Int J Parasitol. 2004;34:823\u201332.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol."},{"key":"4096_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M076430","volume":"58","author":"MT Khan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khan MT, Dalvin S, Nilsen F, Male R. Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in the ectoparasitic crustacean salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis). J Lipid Res. 2017;58:1613\u201323.","journal-title":"J Lipid Res."},{"key":"4096_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4218","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40590-x","volume":"9","author":"EI Heggland","year":"2019","unstructured":"Heggland EI, Eichner C, St\u00f8ve SI, Martinez A, Nilsen F, Dondrup M. A scavenger receptor B (CD36)-like protein is a potential mediator of intestinal heme absorption in the hematophagous ectoparasite Lepeophtheirus salmonis. Sci Rep. 2019;9:4218.","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"4096_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2019.111197","volume":"232","author":"EI Heggland","year":"2019","unstructured":"Heggland EI, Tr\u00f6\u00dfe C, Eichner C, Nilsen F. Heavy and light chain homologs of ferritin are essential for blood-feeding and egg production of the ectoparasitic copepod Lepeophtheirus salmonis. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2019;232:111197.","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol."},{"key":"4096_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2004.1100.x","volume":"35","author":"JW Treasurer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Treasurer JW, Wadsworth SL. Interspecific comparison of experimental and natural routes of Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus challenge and consequences for distribution of chalimus on salmonids and therapeutant screening. Aquac Res. 2004;35:773\u201383.","journal-title":"Aquac Res."},{"key":"4096_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.1990.tb00786.x","volume":"13","author":"MW Jones","year":"1990","unstructured":"Jones MW, Sommerville C, Bron J. The histopathology associated with the juvenile stages of Lepeophtheirus salmonis on the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. J Fish Dis. 1990;13:303\u201310.","journal-title":"J Fish Dis."},{"key":"4096_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-017-3520-1","volume":"18","author":"LM Braden","year":"2017","unstructured":"Braden LM, Sutherland BJG, Koop BF, Jones SRM. Enhanced transcriptomic responses in the Pacific salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis oncorhynchi to the non-native Atlantic salmon Salmo salar suggests increased parasite fitness. BMC Genomics. 2017;18:110.","journal-title":"BMC Genomics."},{"key":"4096_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1139\/facets-2017-0020","volume":"2","author":"BJG Sutherland","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sutherland BJG, Covello JM, Friend SE, Poley JD, Koczka KW, Purcell SL, et al. Host-parasite transcriptomics during immunostimulant-enhanced rejection of salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Facets. 2017;2:477\u201395.","journal-title":"Facets."},{"key":"4096_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12237","volume":"8","author":"BJG Sutherland","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sutherland BJG, Poley JD, Igboeli OO, Jantzen JR, Fast MD, Koop BF, et al. Transcriptomic responses to emamectin benzoate in Pacific and Atlantic Canada salmon lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis with differing levels of drug resistance. Evol Appl. 2015;8:133\u201348.","journal-title":"Evol Appl."},{"key":"4096_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6000","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12072","volume":"21","author":"BJG Sutherland","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sutherland BJG, Jantzen SG, Yasuike M, Sanderson DS, Koop BF, Jones SRM. Transcriptomics of coping strategies in free-swimming Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda) larvae responding to abiotic stress. Mol Ecol. 2012;21:6000\u201314.","journal-title":"Mol Ecol."},{"key":"4096_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-016-2835-7","volume":"17","author":"JD Poley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Poley JD, Sutherland BJG, Jones SRM, Koop BF, Fast MD. Sex-biased gene expression and sequence conservation in Atlantic and Pacific salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis). BMC Genomics. 2016;17:483.","journal-title":"BMC Genomics."},{"key":"4096_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-9-126","volume":"9","author":"C Eichner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Eichner C, Frost P, Dysvik B, Jonassen I, Kristiansen B, Nilsen F. Salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) transcriptomes during post molting maturation and egg production, revealed using EST-sequencing and microarray analysis. BMC Genomics. 2008;9:126.","journal-title":"BMC Genomics."},{"key":"4096_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12770","volume":"41","author":"C Eichner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eichner C, Dondrup M, Nilsen F. RNA sequencing reveals distinct gene expression patterns during the development of parasitic larval stages of the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis). J Fish Dis. 2018;41:1005\u201329.","journal-title":"J Fish Dis."},{"key":"4096_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-12-82","volume":"12","author":"M Bonizzoni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bonizzoni M, Dunn WA, Campbell CL, Olson KE, Dimon MT, Marinotti O, et al. RNA-seq analyses of blood-induced changes in gene expression in the mosquito vector species, Aedes aegypti. BMC Genomics. 2011;12:82.","journal-title":"BMC Genomics."},{"key":"4096_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0135985","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135985","volume":"10","author":"V Bottino-Rojas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bottino-Rojas V, Talyuli OAC, Jupatanakul N, Sim S, Dimopoulos G, Venancio TM, et al. Heme signaling impacts global gene expression, immunity and dengue virus infectivity in Aedes aegypti. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0135985.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"4096_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0003724","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003724","volume":"9","author":"X Huang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huang X, Poelchau MF, Armbruster PA. Global transcriptional dynamics of diapause induction in non-blood-fed and blood-fed Aedes albopictus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9:e0003724.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"4096_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2583.2005.00567.x","volume":"14","author":"O Marinotti","year":"2005","unstructured":"Marinotti O, Nguyen QK, Calvo E, James AA, Ribeiro JMC. Microarray analysis of genes showing variable expression following a blood meal in Anopheles gambiae. Insect Mol Biol. 2005;14:365\u201373.","journal-title":"Insect Mol Biol."},{"key":"4096_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e98123","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098123","volume":"9","author":"D Nayduch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nayduch D, Lee MB, Saski CA. The reference transcriptome of the adult female biting midge (Culicoides sonorensis) and differential gene expression profiling during teneral, blood, and sucrose feeding conditions. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e98123.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"4096_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9103","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09103","volume":"5","author":"M Kotsyfakis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kotsyfakis M, Schwarz A, Erhart J, Ribeiro JMC. Tissue- and time-dependent transcription in Ixodes ricinus salivary glands and midguts when blood feeding on the vertebrate host. Sci Rep. 2015;5:9103.","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"4096_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36695","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36695","volume":"6","author":"J Perner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Perner J, Provazn\u00edk J, Schrenkov\u00e1 J, Urbanov\u00e1 V, Ribeiro JMC, Kop\u00e1\u010dek P. RNA-seq analyses of the midgut from blood- and serum-fed Ixodes ricinus ticks. Sci Rep. 2016;6:36695.","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"4096_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2009.08.009","volume":"58","author":"LA Hamre","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hamre LA, Glover KA, Nilsen F. Establishment and characterisation of salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Kr\u00f8yer 1837)) laboratory strains. Parasitol Int. 2009;58:451\u201360.","journal-title":"Parasitol Int."},{"key":"4096_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2014.10.006","volume":"64","author":"C Eichner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eichner C, Hamre LA, Nilsen F. Instar growth and molt increments in Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: Caligidae) chalimus larvae. Parasitol Int. 2015;64:86\u201396.","journal-title":"Parasitol Int."},{"key":"4096_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.03.014","volume":"140","author":"C Eichner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eichner C, Nilsen F, Grotmol S, Dalvin S. A method for stable gene knock-down by RNA interference in larvae of the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis). Exp Parasitol. 2014;140:44\u201351.","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol."},{"key":"4096_CR38","unstructured":"Andrews S. FastQC. A quality control tool for high throughput sequence data. 2010. https:\/\/www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk\/projects\/fastqc\/. Accessed 5 Jan 2018."},{"key":"4096_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw354","volume":"32","author":"P Ewels","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ewels P, Magnusson M, Lundin S, K\u00e4ller M. MultiQC: summarize analysis results for multiple tools and samples in a single report. Bioinformatics. 2016;32:3047\u20138.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics."},{"key":"4096_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D745","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1113","volume":"47","author":"F Cunningham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cunningham F, Achuthan P, Akanni W, Allen J, Amode MR, Armean IM, et al. Ensembl 2019. Nucl Acids Res. 2019;47:D745\u201351.","journal-title":"Nucl Acids Res."},{"key":"4096_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2005.04.033","volume":"353","author":"K Tjensvoll","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tjensvoll K, Hodneland K, Nilsen F, Nylund A. Genetic characterization of the mitochondrial DNA from Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Crustacea; Copepoda). A new gene organization revealed. Gene. 2005;353:218\u201330.","journal-title":"Gene."},{"key":"4096_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti310","volume":"21","author":"TD Wu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wu TD, Watanabe CK. GMAP: a genomic mapping and alignment program for mRNA and EST sequences. Bioinformatics. 2005;21:1859\u201375.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics."},{"key":"4096_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts635","volume":"29","author":"A Dobin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dobin A, Davis CA, Schlesinger F, Drenkow J, Zaleski C, Jha S, et al. STAR: ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner. Bioinformatics. 2013;29:15\u201321.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics."},{"key":"4096_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp352","volume":"25","author":"H Li","year":"2009","unstructured":"Li H, Handsaker B, Wysoker A, Fennell T, Ruan J, Homer N, et al. The sequence alignment\/map format and SAMtools. Bioinformatics. 2009;25:2078\u20139.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics."},{"key":"4096_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt656","volume":"30","author":"Y Liao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liao Y, Smyth GK, Shi W. FeatureCounts: an efficient general purpose program for assigning sequence reads to genomic features. Bioinformatics. 2014;30:923\u201330.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics."},{"key":"4096_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","volume":"15","author":"MI Love","year":"2014","unstructured":"Love MI, Huber W, Anders S. Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. Genome Biol. 2014;15:550.","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"4096_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.4086505","volume":"15","author":"B Giardine","year":"2005","unstructured":"Giardine B, Riemer C, Hardison RC, Burhans R, Elnitski L, Shah P, et al. Galaxy: a platform for interactive large-scale genome analysis. Genome Res. 2005;15:1451\u20135.","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"4096_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ELIXIR-968","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.15119.1","volume":"7","author":"KM Tekle","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tekle KM, Gundersen S, Klepper K, Bongo LA, Raknes IA, Li X, et al. Norwegian e-infrastructure for life sciences (NeLS). F1000Res. 2018;7:ELIXIR-968.","journal-title":"F1000Res."},{"key":"4096_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp616","volume":"26","author":"MD Robinson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Robinson MD, McCarthy DJ, Smyth GK. edgeR: a bioconductor package for differential expression analysis of digital gene expression data. Bioinformatics. 2009;26:139\u201340.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics."},{"key":"4096_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-9-488","volume":"9","author":"T Hulsen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hulsen T, de Vlieg J, Alkema W. BioVenn - a web application for the comparison and visualization of biological lists using area-proportional Venn diagrams. BMC Genomics. 2008;9:488.","journal-title":"BMC Genomics."},{"key":"4096_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/17.4.369","volume":"17","author":"B Dysvik","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dysvik B, Jonassen I. J-Express: exploring gene expression data using Java. Bioinformatics. 2001;17:369\u201370.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics."},{"key":"4096_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stavrum AK, Petersen K, Jonassen I, Dysvik B. Analysis of gene-expression data using J-Express. Curr Protoc Bioinformatics. 2008;Chapter 7:Unit 7.3.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471250953.bi0703s21"},{"key":"4096_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21800","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021800","volume":"6","author":"F Supek","year":"2011","unstructured":"Supek F, Bo\u0161njak M, \u0160kunca N, \u0160muc T. Revigo summarizes and visualizes long lists of gene ontology terms. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e21800.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"4096_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","volume":"215","author":"SF Altschul","year":"1990","unstructured":"Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ. Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol. 1990;215:403\u201310.","journal-title":"J Mol Biol."},{"key":"4096_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-10-421","volume":"10","author":"C Camacho","year":"2009","unstructured":"Camacho C, Coulouris G, Avagyan V, Ma N, Papadopoulos J, Bealer K, et al. BLAST+: architecture and applications. BMC Bioinformatics. 2009;10:421.","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics."},{"key":"4096_CR56","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/."},{"key":"4096_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.45","volume":"28","author":"A Bairoch","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bairoch A. The Swiss-Prot protein sequence database and its supplement TrEMBL in 2000. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000;28:45\u20138.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"4096_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu031","volume":"30","author":"P Jones","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jones P, Binns D, Chang HY, Fraser M, Li W, McAnulla C, et al. InterProScan 5: genome-scale protein function classification. Bioinformatics. 2014;30:1236\u201340.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics."},{"key":"4096_CR59","first-page":"68","volume-title":"Pathogens of wild farmed fish: sea lice","author":"SC Johnson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Johnson SC. A comparison of development and growth rates of Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: Caligidae) on naive Atlantic (Salmo salar) and chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) salmon. In: Boxshall GA, Defaye D, editors. Pathogens of wild farmed fish: sea lice. Florida: CRC Press; 1993. p. 68\u201380."},{"key":"4096_CR60","unstructured":"Dondrup, M. LiceBase. 2019. https:\/\/licebase.org\/. Accessed 20 Oct 2019."},{"key":"4096_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margen.2014.06.008","volume":"18","author":"RB Edvardsen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Edvardsen RB, Dalvin S, Furmanek T, Malde K, M\u00e6hle S, Kvamme BO, et al. Gene expression in five salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis, Kr\u00f8yer 1837) tissues. Mar Genomics. 2014;18:39\u201344.","journal-title":"Mar Genomics."},{"key":"4096_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3354\/dao014179","volume":"14","author":"SC Johnson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Johnson SC, Albright LJ. Comparative susceptibility and histopathology of the response of naive Atlantic, chinook and coho salmon to experimental infection with Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: Caligidae). Dis Aquat Organ. 1992;14:179\u201393.","journal-title":"Dis Aquat Organ."},{"key":"4096_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2018.02.002","volume":"95","author":"J Perner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Perner J, Kot\u00e1l J, Hatalov\u00e1 T, Urbanov\u00e1 V, Barto\u0161ov\u00e1-Sojkov\u00e1 P, Brophy PM, et al. Inducible glutathione S-transferase (IrGST1) from the tick Ixodes ricinus is a haem-binding protein. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2018;95:44\u201354.","journal-title":"Insect Biochem Mol Biol."},{"key":"4096_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2007.05.018","volume":"37","author":"N Lumjuan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lumjuan N, Stevenson BJ, Prapanthadara LA, Somboon P, Brophy PM, Loftus BJ, et al. The Aedes aegypti glutathione transferase family. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2007;37:1026\u201335.","journal-title":"Insect Biochem Mol Biol."},{"key":"4096_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2009.10.003","volume":"92","author":"D Trevisan-Silva","year":"2010","unstructured":"Trevisan-Silva D, Gremski LH, Chaim OM, da Silveira RB, Meissner GO, Mangili OC, et al. Astacin-like metalloproteases are a gene family of toxins present in the venom of different species of the brown spider (genus Loxosceles). Biochimie. 2010;92:21\u201332.","journal-title":"Biochimie."},{"key":"4096_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2011.04.008","volume":"482","author":"A Mulenga","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mulenga A, Erikson K. A snapshot of the Ixodes scapularis degradome. Gene. 2011;482:78\u201393.","journal-title":"Gene."},{"key":"4096_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2008.11.004","volume":"55","author":"M Liao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liao M, Zhou J, Gong H, Boldbaatar D, Shirafuji R, Battur B, et al. Hemalin, a thrombin inhibitor isolated from a midgut cDNA library from the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. J Insect Physiol. 2009;55:165\u201374.","journal-title":"J Insect Physiol."},{"key":"4096_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19230","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)30648-8","volume":"265","author":"C Guidry","year":"1990","unstructured":"Guidry C, Miller EJ, Hook M. A second fibronectin-binding region is present in collagen alpha chains. J Biol Chem. 1990;265:19230\u20136.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"4096_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5328","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)89026-3","volume":"260","author":"BA McMullen","year":"1985","unstructured":"McMullen BA, Fujikawa K. Amino acid sequence of the heavy chain of human alpha-factor XIIa (activated Hageman factor). J Biol Chem. 1985;260:5328\u201341.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"4096_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2017.12.002","volume":"219","author":"E Harasimczuk","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harasimczuk E, \u00d8verg\u00e5rd AC, Grotmol S, Nilsen F, Dalvin S. Characterization of three salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) genes with fibronectin II domains expressed by tegumental type 1 glands. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2018;219:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol."},{"key":"4096_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20611","volume":"277","author":"AC \u00d8verg\u00e5rd","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u00d8verg\u00e5rd AC, Hamre LA, Harasimczuk E, Dalvin S, Nilsen F, Grotmol S. Exocrine glands of Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: Caligidae): distribution, developmental appearance, and site of secretion. J Morphol. 2016;277:1616\u201330.","journal-title":"J Morphol."},{"key":"4096_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1163\/18759866-0690102004","volume":"69","author":"JE Bron","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bron JE, Shinn AP, Sommerville C. Ultrastructure of the cuticle of the chalimus larva of the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Kr\u00f8yer, 1837) (Copepoda: Caligidae). Contrib Zool. 2000;69:39\u201349.","journal-title":"Contrib Zool."}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04096-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04096-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04096-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T20:35:35Z","timestamp":1620246935000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04096-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4096"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04096-0","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/815316","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 November 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 April 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All experiments were performed according to Norwegian animal welfare regulations. Experiments conducted herein were approved by the governmental Norwegian Animal Research Authority (ID7704, no 2010\/245410).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"225"}}