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In Honduras, chemical pediculicides are the first line of treatment, with permethrin as their main active ingredient. Despite the extended use of these products, there is currently no research investigating insecticide resistance in Honduran head lice. In head lice, the most common mechanism is knockdown resistance (<jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>), which is the result of two point mutations and the associated amino acid substitutions, T917I and L920F, within the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (VSSC).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Genomic DNA was extracted from 83 head lice collected in the localities of San Buenaventura and La Hicaca, Honduras. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify a 332-bp fragment of the VSSC gene that contains a site affected by C\/T mutation which results in a T917I amino acid substitution on each human head louse genomic DNA fragments.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The C\/T non-synonymous mutation which results in the T917I <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic> amino acid substitution was detected in both head lice populations at frequencies ranging between 0.45\u20130.5. Globally, the frequency of this substitution was 0.47. Of these, 5 (6.1%) were homozygous susceptible and 78 (93.9%) were heterozygotes. The <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>-resistant homozygote (RR) was not detected in the studied populations. Thus, 93.9% of the head lice collected in Honduras harbored only one T917I allele. Exact test for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for both localities showed that genotype frequencies differed significantly from expectation. In addition, San Buenaventura and La Hicaca populations had an inbreeding coefficient (F<jats:sub>is<\/jats:sub>) &lt; 0, suggesting an excess of heterozygotes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To our knowledge, this is the first study showing the presence of the C\/T mutation responsible of the T917I kdr allele associated with pyrethroid resistance in <jats:italic>P. h. capitis<\/jats:italic> from Honduras. The PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) employed here has demonstrated to be a reliable, economic, and reproducible assay that can be used to accurately genotype individual head lice for the mutation encoding the resistance-conferring T917I amino acid substitution. This highlights the necessity of proactive resistance management programmes designed to detect pyrethroid mutations before they become established within populations of head lice.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04183-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]],"date-time":"2020-06-16T13:03:45Z","timestamp":1592312625000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["First evidence of the mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance in head lice (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) from Honduras"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Kelsey","family":"Larkin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol A.","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shabana","family":"Jamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgina","family":"Fronza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Roca-Acevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariel C.","family":"Toloza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"4183_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1586\/edm.09.18","volume":"4","author":"KY Mumcuoglu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mumcuoglu KY, Gilead L, Ingber A. 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Informed consent was obtained from parents before children participated in the study, and also verbal assent was required by the child if older than 7 years of age. Lice processing was approved by the protocol for lice collection and identification of the Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas (CIPEIN-UNIDEF, Buenos Aires, Argentina; #BA20061995ARG, June 1995).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"312"}}