{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T09:30:25Z","timestamp":1776936625444,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594166400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18-12364S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18-12364S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010100","name":"Jiho\u010desk\u00e1 Univerzita v \u010cesk\u00fdch Bud\u011bjovic\u00edch","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["017\/2018\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["017\/2018\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010100","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010100","name":"Jiho\u010desk\u00e1 Univerzita v \u010cesk\u00fdch Bud\u011bjovic\u00edch","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["028\/2019\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["028\/2019\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010100","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"MEYSCR","award":["LM2015062Czech-BioImaging"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LM2015062Czech-BioImaging"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Avian cryptosporidiosis is a common parasitic disease that is caused by five species, which are well characterised at the molecular and biological level, and more than 18 genotypes for which we have limited information. In this study, we determined the occurrence and molecular characteristics of <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> spp. in farmed ostriches in the Czech Republic.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The occurrence and genetic identity of <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> spp. were analysed by microscopy and PCR\/sequencing of the small subunit rRNA, <jats:italic>actin<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>HSP70<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>gp60<\/jats:italic> genes. <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> avian genotype II was examined from naturally and experimentally infected hosts and measured using differential interference contrast. The localisation of the life-cycle stages was studied by electron microscopy and histologically. Infectivity of <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> avian genotype II for cockatiels (<jats:italic>Nymphicus hollandicus<\/jats:italic> (Kerr)), chickens (<jats:italic>Gallus gallus<\/jats:italic> f. <jats:italic>domestica<\/jats:italic> (L.)), geese (<jats:italic>Anser anser<\/jats:italic> f. <jats:italic>domestica<\/jats:italic> (L.)), SCID and BALB\/c mice (<jats:italic>Mus musculus<\/jats:italic> L.) was verified.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 204 individual faecal samples were examined for <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> spp. using differential staining and PCR\/sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of small subunit rRNA, <jats:italic>actin<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>HSP70<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>gp60<\/jats:italic> gene sequences showed the presence of <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> avian genotype II (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20097) and <jats:italic>C. ubiquitum<\/jats:italic> Fayer, Sant\u00edn &amp; Macarisin, 2010 IXa (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20095). Only ostriches infected with <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> avian genotype II shed oocysts that were detectable by microscopy. Oocysts were purified from a pooled sample of four birds, characterised morphometrically and used in experimental infections to determine biological characteristics. Oocysts of <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> avian genotype II measure on average 6.13\u2009\u00d7\u20095.15\u00a0\u03bcm, and are indistinguishable by size from <jats:italic>C. baileyi<\/jats:italic> Current, Upton &amp; Haynes, 1986 and <jats:italic>C. avium<\/jats:italic> Holubov\u00e1, Sak, Hor\u010di\u010dkov\u00e1, Hl\u00e1skov\u00e1, Kv\u011bto\u0148ov\u00e1, Menchaca, McEvoy &amp; Kv\u00e1\u010d, 2016. <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> avian genotype II was experimentally infectious for geese, chickens and cockatiels, with a prepatent period of four, seven and eight days post-infection, respectively. The infection intensity ranged from 1000 to 16,000 oocysts per gram. None of the naturally or experimentally infected birds developed clinical signs in the present study.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The molecular and biological characteristics of <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> avian genotype II, described here, support the establishment of a new species, <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium ornithophilus<\/jats:italic> n. sp.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04191-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T12:03:48Z","timestamp":1594209828000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Description of Cryptosporidium ornithophilus n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in farmed ostriches"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nikola","family":"Holubov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lenka","family":"T\u016fmov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bohumil","family":"Sak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ad\u00e9la","family":"Hejzlarov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Kone\u010dn\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"McEvoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0013-6090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Kv\u00e1\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"4191_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-1562-6_1","volume-title":"Cryptosporidium: parasite and disease","author":"U Ryan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ryan U, Xiao L. Taxonomy and Molecular Taxonomy. In: Cacci\u00f2 SM, Widmer G, editors. Cryptosporidium: parasite and disease. Wien: Springer; 2014. p. 3\u201342."},{"key":"4191_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05608.x","volume":"33","author":"WL Current","year":"1986","unstructured":"Current WL, Upton SJ, Haynes TB. The life cycle of Cryptosporidium baileyi n. sp. (Apicomplexa, Cryptosporidiidae) infecting chickens. J Protozool. 1986;33:289\u201396.","journal-title":"J Protozool."},{"key":"4191_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/S0368-1742(55)80025-2","volume":"65","author":"D Slavin","year":"1955","unstructured":"Slavin D. Cryptosporidium meleagridis (sp. nov.). J Comp Pathol. 1955;65:262\u20136.","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol."},{"key":"4191_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-74RI","volume":"89","author":"UM Ryan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ryan UM, Xiao L, Read C, Sulaiman IM, Monis P, Lal AA, et al. A redescription of Cryptosporidium galli Pavl\u00e1sek, 1999 (Apicomplexa : Cryptosporidiidae) from birds. J Parasitol. 2003;89:809\u201313.","journal-title":"J Parasitol."},{"key":"4191_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-4967-8","volume":"115","author":"N Holubov\u00e1","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holubov\u00e1 N, Sak B, Hor\u010di\u010dkov\u00e1 M, Hl\u00e1skov\u00e1 L, Kv\u011bto\u0148ov\u00e1 D, Menchaca S, et al. Cryptosporidium avium n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in birds. Parasitol Res. 2016;115:2243\u201351.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res."},{"key":"4191_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejop.2019.03.001","volume":"69","author":"N Holubov\u00e1","year":"2019","unstructured":"Holubov\u00e1 N, Zikmundov\u00e1 V, Limpouchov\u00e1 Z, Sak B, Kone\u010dn\u00fd R, Hl\u00e1skov\u00e1 L, et al. Cryptosporidium proventriculi sp. n. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in Psittaciformes birds. Eur J Protistol. 2019;69:70\u201387.","journal-title":"Eur J Protistol."},{"key":"4191_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7548","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01352-06","volume":"72","author":"J Ng","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ng J, Pavl\u00e1sek I, Ryan U. Identification of novel Cryptosporidium genotypes from avian hosts. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006;72:7548\u201353.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"4191_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-4930-8","volume":"115","author":"JJ Chelladurai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chelladurai JJ, Clark ME, Kv\u00e1\u010d M, Holubov\u00e1 N, Khan E, Stenger BL, et al. Cryptosporidium galli and novel Cryptosporidium avian genotype VI in North American red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus). Parasitol Res. 2016;115:1901\u20136.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res."},{"key":"4191_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0177150","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177150","volume":"12","author":"YA Helmy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Helmy YA, Krucken J, Abdelwhab EM, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Hafez HM. Molecular diagnosis and characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in turkeys and chickens in Germany reveals evidence for previously undetected parasite species. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0177150.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4191_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4302","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.7.4302-4307.2003","volume":"69","author":"U Ryan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ryan U, Xiao L, Read C, Zhou L, Lal AA, Pavl\u00e1sek I. Identification of novel Cryptosporidium genotypes from the Czech Republic. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003;69:4302\u20137.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"4191_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.1.452-458.2004","volume":"70","author":"KL Jellison","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jellison KL, Distel DL, Hemond HF, Schauer DB. Phylogenetic analysis of the hypervariable region of the 18S rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium oocysts in feces of Canada geese (Branta canadensis): evidence for five novel genotypes. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004;70:452\u20138.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"4191_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00164-8","volume":"31","author":"UM Morgan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Morgan UM, Monis PT, Xiao L, Limor J, Sulaiman I, Raidal S, et al. Molecular and phylogenetic characterisation of Cryptosporidium from birds. Int J Parasitol. 2001;31:289\u201396.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol."},{"key":"4191_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3003","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-5951-2","volume":"117","author":"I Makino","year":"2018","unstructured":"Makino I, Inumaru M, Abe N, Sato Y. A new avian Cryptosporidium genotype in a 1-month-old caged brown wood owl (Strix leptogrammica) with severe dehydration and diarrhea. Parasitol Res. 2018;117:3003\u20138.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res."},{"key":"4191_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.03.026","volume":"221","author":"L Cano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cano L, de Lucio A, Bailo B, Cardona GA, Muadica ASO, Lobo L, et al. Identification and genotyping of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. isolates in aquatic birds in the Salburua wetlands, Alava, northern Spain. Vet Parasitol. 2016;221:144\u20138.","journal-title":"Northern Spain. Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"4191_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4211","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.7.4211-4215.2004","volume":"70","author":"L Zhou","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zhou L, Kassa H, Tischler ML, Xiao L. Host-adapted Cryptosporidium spp. in Canada geese (Branta canadensis). Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004;70:4211\u20135.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"4191_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-1562-6_5","volume-title":"Cryptosporidium: parasite and disease","author":"M Kv\u00e1\u010d","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kv\u00e1\u010d M, McEvoy J, Stenger B, Clark M. Cryptosporidiosis in other vertebrates. In: Cacci\u00f2 SM, Widmer G, editors. Cryptosporidium: parasite and disease. Wien: Springer; 2014. p. 237\u2013326."},{"key":"4191_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-29612015063","volume":"24","author":"AA Nakamura","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nakamura AA, Meireles MV. Cryptosporidium infections in birds - a review. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. 2015;24:253\u201367.","journal-title":"Rev Bras Parasitol Vet."},{"key":"4191_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-1562-6_4","volume-title":"Cryptosporidium: parasite and disease","author":"LJ Robertson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Robertson LJ, Bj\u00f6rkman C, Ax\u00e9n C, Fayer R. Cryptosporidiosis in farmed animals. In: Cacci\u00f2 SM, Widmer G, editors. Cryptosporidium: parasite and disease. Wien: Springer; 2014. p. 149\u2013236."},{"key":"4191_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.07.033","volume":"166","author":"AA Nakamura","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nakamura AA, Simoes DC, Antunes RG, da Silva DC, Meireles MV. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. from fecal samples of birds kept in captivity in Brazil. Vet Parasitol. 2009;166:47\u201351.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"4191_CR20","first-page":"115","volume":"34","author":"AA Gajadhar","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gajadhar AA. Cryptosporidium species in imported ostriches and consideration of possible implications for birds in Canada. Can Vet J. 1993;34:115\u20136.","journal-title":"Can Vet J."},{"key":"4191_CR21","first-page":"156","volume":"64","author":"AJ Bezuidenhout","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bezuidenhout AJ, Penrith ML, Burger WP. Prolapse of the phallus and cloaca in the ostrich (Struthio camelus). J S Afr Vet Assoc. 1993;64:156\u20138.","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc."},{"key":"4191_CR22","first-page":"60","volume":"64","author":"ML Penrith","year":"1993","unstructured":"Penrith ML, Burger WP. A Cryptosporidium sp. in an ostrich. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 1993;64:60\u20131.","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc."},{"key":"4191_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1080\/03079459708419243","volume":"26","author":"JE Jardine","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jardine JE, Verwoerd DJ. Pancreatic cryptosporidiosis in ostriches. Avian Pathol. 1997;26:665\u201370.","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"4191_CR24","first-page":"322","volume":"17","author":"FC Oliveira","year":"2008","unstructured":"Oliveira FC, Ederli NB, Ederli BB, Albuquerque MC, Dos Santos MD. Occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts (Apicomplexa, Cryptosporidiidae) in ostriches, Struthio camelus L., 1758 (Aves, Struthionidae) reared in North and Lowered Coastline regions of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. 2008;17(Suppl 1):322\u20135.","journal-title":"Rev Bras Parasitol Vet."},{"key":"4191_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.148.3.84","volume":"148","author":"ST Sotiraki","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sotiraki ST, Georgiades G, Antoniadou-Sotiriadou K, Himonas CA. Gastrointestinal parasites in ostriches (Struthio camelus). Vet Rec. 2001;148:84\u20136.","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"4191_CR26","first-page":"100334","volume":"18","author":"I Symeonidou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Symeonidou I, Diakou A, Papadopoulos E, Ponce-Gordo F. Endoparasitism of Greek ostriches: first report of Entamoeba struthionis and Balantioides coli. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports. 2019;18:100334.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports"},{"key":"4191_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02351873","volume":"80","author":"AA Gajadhar","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gajadhar AA. Host-specificity studies and oocyst description of a Cryptosporidium sp. isolated from ostriches. Parasitol Res. 1994;80:316\u20139.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res."},{"key":"4191_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.133.1.24-a","volume":"133","author":"DM Allwright","year":"1993","unstructured":"Allwright DM, Wessels J. Cryptosporidium species in ostriches. Vet Rec. 1993;133:24.","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"4191_CR29","first-page":"283","volume":"61","author":"ML Penrith","year":"1994","unstructured":"Penrith ML, Bezuidenhout AJ, Burger WP, Putterill JF. Evidence for cryptosporidial infection as a cause of prolapse of the phallus and cloaca in ostrich chicks (Struthio camelus). Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1994;61:283\u20139.","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res."},{"key":"4191_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00104-8","volume":"107","author":"F Ponce Gordo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ponce Gordo F, Herrera S, Castro AT, Garcia Duran B, Martinez Diaz RA. Parasites from farmed ostriches (Struthio camelus) and rheas (Rhea americana) in Europe. Vet Parasitol. 2002;107:137\u201360.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"4191_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-635X2005000200008","volume":"7","author":"MMAB Santos","year":"2005","unstructured":"Santos MMAB, Perir\u00f3 JR, Meireles MV. Cryptosporidium infection in ostriches (Struthio camelus) in Brazil: clinical, morphological and molecular studies. Braz J Poultry Sci. 2005;7:113\u20137.","journal-title":"Braz J Poultry Sci."},{"key":"4191_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.06.035","volume":"205","author":"M Qi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Qi M, Huang L, Wang R, Xiao L, Xu L, Li J, et al. Natural infection of Cryptosporidium muris in ostriches (Struthio camelus). Vet Parasitol. 2014;205:518\u201322.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"4191_CR33","first-page":"164","volume":"170","author":"M Mammeri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mammeri M, Adjou KT. Veterinary and public health importance of cryptosporidiosis in Algeria: an update and new insights. Rev Med Vet-Toulouse. 2019;170:164\u201373.","journal-title":"Rev Med Vet-Toulouse."},{"key":"4191_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.10.005","volume":"175","author":"R Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang R, Qi M, Jingjing Z, Sun D, Ning C, Zhao J, et al. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium baileyi in ostriches (Struthio camelus) in Zhengzhou, China. Vet Parasitol. 2011;175:151\u20134.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"4191_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"018","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2017.018","volume":"64","author":"A Elkarim Laatamna","year":"2017","unstructured":"Elkarim Laatamna A, Holubov\u00e1 N, Sak B, Kv\u00e1\u010d M. Cryptosporidium meleagridis and C. baileyi (Apicomplexa) in domestic and wild birds in Algeria. Folia Parasitol (Praha). 2017;64:018.","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol (Praha)."},{"key":"4191_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2012.10.010","volume":"133","author":"ST Nguyen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nguyen ST, Fukuda Y, Tada C, Huynh VV, Nguyen DT, Nakai Y. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium in ostriches (Struthio camelus) on a farm in central Vietnam. Exp Parasitol. 2013;133:8\u201311.","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol."},{"key":"4191_CR37","first-page":"50","volume":"32","author":"P Mil\u00e1\u010dek","year":"1985","unstructured":"Mil\u00e1\u010dek P, V\u00edtovec J. Differential staining of cryptosporidia by aniline-carbol-methyl violet and tartrazine in smears from feces and scrapings of intestinal mucosa. Folia Parasitol. 1985;32:50.","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol."},{"key":"4191_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89S","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1996.tb05015.x","volume":"43","author":"MJ Arrowood","year":"1996","unstructured":"Arrowood MJ, Donaldson K. Improved purification methods for calf-derived Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts using discontinuous sucrose and cesium chloride gradients. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 1996;43:89S.","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol."},{"key":"4191_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.57.11.3243-3247.1991","volume":"57","author":"JF Sauch","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sauch JF, Flanigan D, Galvin ML, Berman D, Jakubowski W. Propidium iodide as an indicator of Giardia cyst viability. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1991;57:3243\u20137.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"4191_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03548684","volume":"22","author":"SA Henriksen","year":"1981","unstructured":"Henriksen SA, Pohlenz JF. Staining of cryptosporidia by a modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique. Acta Vet Scand. 1981;22:594\u20136.","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand."},{"key":"4191_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.2307\/1590957","volume":"32","author":"DH Ley","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ley DH, Levy MG, Hunter L, Corbett W, Barnes HJ. Cryptosporidia-positive rates of avian necropsy accessions determined by examination of auramine O-stained fecal smears. Avian Dis. 1988;32:108\u201313.","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"4191_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4446","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.8.4446-4454.2005","volume":"71","author":"J Jiang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jiang J, Alderisio KA, Xiao L. Distribution of Cryptosporidium genotypes in storm event water samples from three watersheds in New York. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005;71:4446\u201354.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"4191_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3386","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.8.3386-3391.1999","volume":"65","author":"L Xiao","year":"1999","unstructured":"Xiao L, Morgan UM, Limor J, Escalante A, Arrowood M, Shulaw W, et al. Genetic diversity within Cryptosporidium parvum and related Cryptosporidium species. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1999;65:3386\u201391.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"4191_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2002)088[0388:MPAERO]2.0.CO;2","volume":"88","author":"IM Sulaiman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sulaiman IM, Lal AA, Xiao LH. Molecular phylogeny and evolutionary relationships of Cryptosporidium parasites at the actin locus. J Parasitol. 2002;88:388\u201394.","journal-title":"J Parasitol."},{"key":"4191_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.6.2385-2391.2000","volume":"66","author":"IM Sulaiman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sulaiman IM, Morgan UM, Thompson RC, Lal AA, Xiao L. Phylogenetic relationships of Cryptosporidium parasites based on the 70-kilodalton heat shock protein (HSP70) gene. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2000;66:2385\u201391.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"4191_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2744","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.6.2744-2747.2003","volume":"41","author":"M Alves","year":"2003","unstructured":"Alves M, Xiao LH, Sulaiman I, Lal AA, Matos O, Antunes F. Subgenotype analysis of Cryptosporidium isolates from humans, cattle, and zoo ruminants in Portugal. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:2744\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"4191_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28S","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00442.x","volume":"Suppl","author":"MM Peng","year":"2001","unstructured":"Peng MM, Matos O, Gatei W, Das P, Stantic-Pavlinic M, Bern C, et al. A comparison of Cryptosporidium subgenotypes from several geographic regions. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2001;Suppl:28S\u201331S.","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol."},{"key":"4191_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2002.121797","volume":"20","author":"N Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li N, Xiao L, Alderisio K, Elwin K, Cebelinski E, Chalmers R, et al. Subtyping Cryptosporidium ubiquitum, a zoonotic pathogen emerging in humans. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20:217\u201324.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"4191_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msr121","volume":"28","author":"K Tamura","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S. MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol. 2011;28:2731\u20139.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol."},{"key":"4191_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150390235520","volume":"52","author":"S Guindon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Guindon S, Gascuel O. A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood. Syst Biol. 2003;52:696\u2013704.","journal-title":"Syst Biol."},{"key":"4191_CR51","first-page":"678","volume":"9","author":"K Tamura","year":"1992","unstructured":"Tamura K. Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions when there are strong transition-transversion and G+C-content biases. Mol Biol Evol. 1992;9:678\u201387.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol."},{"key":"4191_CR52","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Some Mathematical questions in biology: DNA sequence analysis (lectures on mathematics in the life sciences)","author":"S Tavar\u00e9","year":"1986","unstructured":"Tavar\u00e9 S. Some probabilistic and statistical problems in the analysis of DNA sequences. In: Miura RM, editor. Some Mathematical questions in biology: DNA sequence analysis (lectures on mathematics in the life sciences). New York: American Mathematical Society; 1986. p. 57\u201386."},{"key":"4191_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.08.031","volume":"143","author":"M Kv\u00e1\u010d","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kv\u00e1\u010d M, Ondr\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1 Z, Kv\u011bto\u0148ov\u00e1 D, Sak B, V\u00edtovec J. Infectivity and pathogenicity of Cryptosporidium andersoni to a novel host, southern multimammate mouse (Mastomys coucha). Vet Parasitol. 2007;143:229\u201333.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"4191_CR54","first-page":"487","volume":"23","author":"EE Tyzzer","year":"1910","unstructured":"Tyzzer EE. An extracellular coccidium, Cryptosporidium muris (gen. et sp. nov.) of the gastric glands of the common mouse. J Med Res. 1910;23:487\u2013509.","journal-title":"J Med Res."},{"key":"4191_CR55","unstructured":"R Core Team. A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2013. http:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"4191_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.09.031","volume":"175","author":"P Sev\u00e1 Ada","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sev\u00e1 Ada P, Funada MR, Richtzenhain L, Guimar\u00e3es MB, Souza SEO, Allegretti L, et al. Genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp. from free-living wild birds from Brazil. Vet Parasitol. 2011;175:27\u201332.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"4191_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2014035","volume":"21","author":"LM Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang LM, Xue X, Li JQ, Zhou QJ, Yu YC, Du AF. Cryptosporidiosis in broiler chickens in Zhejiang Province, China: molecular characterization of oocysts detected in fecal samples. Parasite. 2014;21:36.","journal-title":"Parasite."},{"key":"4191_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.21805\/bzn.v69i3.a8.161","volume":"69","author":"ICZN","year":"2012","unstructured":"ICZN. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: amendment of articles 8, 9, 10, 21 and 78 of the international code of zoological nomenclature to expand and refine methods of publication. Bull Zool Nomencl. 2012;69:161\u20139.","journal-title":"Bull Zool Nomencl."},{"key":"4191_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2006)92[623:BSAMCO]2.0.CO;2","volume":"92","author":"MV Meireles","year":"2006","unstructured":"Meireles MV, Soares RM, dos Santos MM, Gennari SM. Biological studies and molecular characterization of a Cryptosporidium isolate from ostriches (Struthio camelus). J Parasitol. 2006;92:623\u20136.","journal-title":"J Parasitol."},{"key":"4191_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2018.06.007","volume":"191","author":"N Holubov\u00e1","year":"2018","unstructured":"Holubov\u00e1 N, Sak B, Hl\u00e1skov\u00e1 L, Kv\u011bto\u0148ov\u00e1 D, Hanzal V, Rajsk\u00fd D, et al. Host specificity and age-dependent resistance to Cryptosporidium avium infection in chickens, ducks and pheasants. Exp Parasitol. 2018;191:62\u20135.","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol."},{"key":"4191_CR61","first-page":"133","volume-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in man and animals","author":"DS Lindsay","year":"1990","unstructured":"Lindsay DS, Blagburn BL. Cryptosporidiosis in birds. In: Dubey JP, Speer CA, Fayer R, editors. Cryptosporidiosis in man and animals. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1990. p. 133\u201348."},{"key":"4191_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.03.047","volume":"163","author":"M Kv\u00e1\u010d","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kv\u00e1\u010d M, Sak B, Kv\u011bto\u0148ov\u00e1 D, Secor WE. Infectivity of gastric and intestinal Cryptosporidium species in immunocompetent Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Vet Parasitol. 2009;163:33\u20138.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"4191_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2905","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-5076-4","volume":"115","author":"Q Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li Q, Li L, Tao W, Jiang Y, Wan Q, Lin Y, et al. Molecular investigation of Cryptosporidium in small caged pets in northeast China: host specificity and zoonotic implications. Parasitol Res. 2016;115:2905\u201311.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res."},{"key":"4191_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.11.007","volume":"160","author":"M Kv\u00e1\u010d","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kv\u00e1\u010d M, Hanzl\u00edkov\u00e1 D, Sak B, Kv\u011bto\u0148ov\u00e1 D. Prevalence and age-related infection of Cryptosporidium suis, C. muris and Cryptosporidium pig genotype II in pigs on a farm complex in the Czech Republic. Vet Parasitol. 2009;160:319\u201322.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"4191_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71840","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071840","volume":"8","author":"B Sak","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sak B, Petr\u017eelkov\u00e1 KJ, Kv\u011bto\u0148ov\u00e1 D, Myna\u0159ov\u00e1 A, Shutt KA, Pomajb\u00edkov\u00e1 K, et al. Long-term monitoring of microsporidia, Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at different stages of habituation in Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e71840.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4191_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.2.891-899.2004","volume":"70","author":"L Xiao","year":"2004","unstructured":"Xiao L, Ryan UM, Graczyk TK, Limor J, Li L, Kombert M, et al. Genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in captive reptiles. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004;70:891\u20139.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"4191_CR67","first-page":"733","volume":"39","author":"I Pavl\u00e1sek","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pavl\u00e1sek I. Localization of endogenous developmental stages of Cryptosporidium meleagridis Slavin, 1955 (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in birds. Vet Med (Praha). 1994;39:733\u201342.","journal-title":"Vet Med (Praha)."},{"key":"4191_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.4.1828-1832.2003","volume":"71","author":"DE Akiyoshi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Akiyoshi DE, Dilo J, Pearson C, Chapman S, Tumwine J, Tzipori S. Characterization of Cryptosporidium meleagridis of human origin passaged through different host species. Infect Immun. 2003;71:1828\u201332.","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"4191_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1638\/2015-0025.1","volume":"46","author":"JB Curtiss","year":"2015","unstructured":"Curtiss JB, Leone AM, Wellehan JF Jr, Emerson JA, Howerth EW, Farina LL. Renal and cloacal cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium avian genotype V) in a major Mitchell\u02bcs cockatoo (Lophochroa leadbeateri). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2015;46:934\u20137.","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med."},{"key":"4191_CR70","first-page":"876","volume":"47","author":"DS Lindsay","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lindsay DS, Blagburn BL, Sundermann CA, Hoerr FJ, Ernest JA. Experimental Cryptosporidium infections in chickens: oocyst structure and tissue specificity. Am J Vet Res. 1986;47:876\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res."},{"key":"4191_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2018.56.3.281","volume":"56","author":"Y Iijima","year":"2018","unstructured":"Iijima Y, Itoh N, Phrompraphai T, Ito Y, Kimura Y, Kameshima S. Molecular prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. among companion birds kept in pet shops in Japan. Kor J Parasitol. 2018;56:281\u20135.","journal-title":"Kor J Parasitol."},{"key":"4191_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(98)00170-8","volume":"79","author":"S Hornok","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hornok S, Bitay Z, Szell Z, Varga I. Assessment of maternal immunity to Cryptosporidium baileyi in chickens. Vet Parasitol. 1998;79:203\u201312.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"4191_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.1991.29.4.315","volume":"29","author":"JK Rhee","year":"1991","unstructured":"Rhee JK, Seu YS, Park BK. Isolation and identification of Cryptosporidium from various animals in Korea. III. Identification of Cryptosporidium baileyi from Korean chicken. Korean J Parasitol. 1991;29:315\u201324.","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitol."},{"key":"4191_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1637\/0005-2086(2002)046[0203:PAOSIB]2.0.CO;2","volume":"46","author":"E T\u016fmov\u00e1","year":"2002","unstructured":"T\u016fmov\u00e1 E, Sk\u0159ivan M, Marounek M, Pavl\u00e1sek I, Ledvinka Z. Performance and oocyst shedding in broiler chickens orally infected with Cryptosporidium baileyi and Cryptosporidium meleagridis. Avian Dis. 2002;46:203\u20137.","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"4191_CR75","first-page":"1412","volume":"49","author":"DS Lindsay","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lindsay DS, Blagburn BL, Sundermann CA, Giambrone JJ. Effect of broiler chicken age on susceptibility to experimentally induced Cryptosporidium baileyi infection. Am J Vet Res. 1988;49:1412\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res."}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04191-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04191-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04191-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T00:30:14Z","timestamp":1625704214000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04191-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4191"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04191-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 February 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 July 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All experimental procedures complied with the laws of the Czech Republic (Act No. 246\/1992 Coll., on the protection of animals against cruelty). The study design was approved by the ethical committees at the Biology Centre of CAS, the State Veterinary Administration, and the Central Commission for Animal Welfare under protocols Nos 115\/2013, 35\/2018 and MZP\/2019\/630\/1411.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"340"}}