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In recent years, adjuvant compounds derived from plants have been used for improving the immunogenicity of vaccines. Glycyrrhizin (GL) is a natural triterpenoid saponin that has known immunomodulatory activities. In the present study, we investigated the effects of co-treatment with FML and GL on the production of cytokines and nitric oxide\n                      <jats:bold>(<\/jats:bold>\n                      NO) by macrophages,\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated murine peritoneal macrophages were treated with FML (5\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml) of\n                      <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      and various concentrations of GL (1\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml, 10 \u03bcg\/ml and 20 \u03bcg\/ml). After 48 h of treatment, cell culture supernatants were recovered and the levels of TNF-\u03b1, IL-10, IL-12p70 and IP-10 were measured by sandwich ELISA and NO concentration by Griess reaction.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results indicate that the treatment of activated macrophages with FML plus GL leads to enhanced production of NO, TNF-\u03b1 and IL-12p70, and reduction of IL-10 levels in comparison with FML treatment alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Therefore, we concluded that GL can improve the immunostimulatory effect of FML on macrophages and leads to their polarization towards an M1-like phenotype.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04243-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T08:04:22Z","timestamp":1595232262000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Cytokine profile and nitric oxide levels in peritoneal macrophages of BALB\/c mice exposed to the fucose-mannose ligand of Leishmania infantum combined with glycyrrhizin"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hasan","family":"Namdar Ahmadabad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Shafiei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gholam Reza","family":"Hatam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Zolfaghari Emameh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashok","family":"Aspatwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"4243_CR1","first-page":"214","volume":"15","author":"S Barani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barani S, Turki H, Shafiei R, Jafarzadeh F, Hosseinzadeh Maleki H, Raeghi S. 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