{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T17:09:59Z","timestamp":1794071399830,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]],"date-time":"2020-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595980800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]],"date-time":"2020-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["30600603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30600603"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31672548"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31672548"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006407","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["162300410129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["162300410129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Doctoral Scientific Research Start-up Foundation from Henan University of Chinese Medicine","award":["KYQD021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYQD021"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01tsmvz08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2019YFC1605700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC1605700"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Diarrheal diseases caused by intestinal protozoan parasites are a major food-borne public health problem across the world. Vegetables and fruits provide important nutrients and minerals, but are also common sources of some food-borne human pathogenic microorganisms. The contamination of raw vegetables and fruits with human pathogenic parasites are now a global public health threat, despite the health benefits of these foods in non-pharmacological prophylaxes against diseases. A large number of reports have documented the contamination of vegetables or fruits with human pathogenic microorganisms. In this paper, we reviewed the contamination and detection methods of human pathogenic intestinal protozoans that are frequently recovered from raw vegetables and fruits. The protozoan parasites include\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.,\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Cyclospora cayetanensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Entamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.,\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Balantioides coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Blastocystis<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp.,\n                    <jats:italic>Cystoisospora belli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Enterocytozoon bieneusi<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The risk factors involved in the contamination of vegetables and fruits with parasites are also assessed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04255-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]],"date-time":"2020-07-29T09:05:10Z","timestamp":1596013510000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Detection of human intestinal protozoan parasites in vegetables and fruits: a review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Junqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenzhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Robiul","family":"Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longxian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"4255_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.03.005","volume":"33","author":"U Ryan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ryan U, Paparini A, Oskam C. New technologies for detection of enteric parasites. Trends Parasitol. 2017;33:532\u201346.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"4255_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1039\/C6EM00222F","volume":"18","author":"TR Julian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Julian TR. Environmental transmission of diarrheal pathogens in low and middle income countries. Environ Sci Process Impacts. 2016;18:944\u201355.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Process Impacts."},{"key":"4255_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05038-11","volume":"25","author":"SM Fletcher","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fletcher SM, Stark D, Harkness J, Ellis J. Enteric protozoa in the developed world: a public health perspective. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012;25:420\u201349.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"4255_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.12.032","volume":"103","author":"D Dawson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dawson D. Foodborne protozoan parasites. Int J Food Microbiol. 2005;103:207\u201327.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol."},{"key":"4255_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e226","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30789-8","volume":"19","author":"A Giangaspero","year":"2019","unstructured":"Giangaspero A, Gasser RB. Human cyclosporiasis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19:e226\u201336.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"4255_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2017.09.004","volume":"48","author":"U Ryan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ryan U, Hijjawi N, Xiao L. Foodborne cryptosporidiosis. Int J Parasitol. 2018;48:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol."},{"key":"4255_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2018.07.003","volume":"49","author":"U Ryan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ryan U, Hijjawi N, Feng Y, Xiao L. Giardia: an under-reported foodborne parasite. Int J Parasitol. 2018;49:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol."},{"key":"4255_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9070697","volume":"9","author":"J Olza","year":"2017","unstructured":"Olza J, Aranceta-Bartrina J, Gonz\u00e1lez-Gross M, Ortega RM, Serra-Majem L, Varela-Moreiras G, et al. Reported dietary intake and food sources of zinc, selenium, and vitamins A, E and C in the Spanish population: findings from the anibes study. Nutrients. 2017;9:697.","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"4255_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006553","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006553","volume":"12","author":"M Bouzid","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bouzid M, Kintz E, Hunter PR. Risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in low and middle income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12:e0006553.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"4255_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3011","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815000047","volume":"143","author":"KM Herman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Herman KM, Hall AJ, Gould LH. Outbreaks attributed to fresh leafy vegetables, United States, 1973\u20132012. Epidemiol Infect. 2015;143:3011\u201321.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect."},{"key":"4255_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-73.6.1138","volume":"73","author":"I Amor\u00f3s","year":"2010","unstructured":"Amor\u00f3s I, Alonso JL, Cuesta G. Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts on salad products irrigated with contaminated water. J Food Prot. 2010;73:1138\u201340.","journal-title":"J Food Prot."},{"key":"4255_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-836","volume":"7","author":"KO Duedu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Duedu KO, Yarnie EA, Tetteh-Quarcoo PB, Attah SK, Donkor ES, Ayeh-Kumi PF. A comparative survey of the prevalence of human parasites found in fresh vegetables sold in supermarkets and open-aired markets in Accra, Ghana. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7:836.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes."},{"key":"4255_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.09.020","volume":"263","author":"KS Utaaker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Utaaker KS, Kumar A, Joshi H, Chaudhary S, Robertson LJ. Checking the detail in retail: occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia on vegetables sold across different counters in Chandigarh, India. Int J Food Microbiol. 2017;263:1\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol."},{"key":"4255_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4020-5","volume":"19","author":"G Alemu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alemu G, Mama M, Misker D, Haftu D. Parasitic contamination of vegetables marketed in Arba Minch town, southern Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19:410.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"4255_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2859","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10265","volume":"100","author":"AC Rodrigues","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rodrigues AC, da Silva MDC, Pereira R\u00c2S, Pinto LC. Prevalence of contamination by intestinal parasites in vegetables (Lactuca sativa L. and Coriandrum sativum L.) sold in markets in Bel\u00e9m, northern Brazil. J Sci Food Agric. 2020;100:2859\u201365.","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric."},{"key":"4255_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5735-0","volume":"117","author":"SA Ahmed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahmed SA, Karanis P. An overview of methods\/techniques for the detection of Cryptosporidium in food samples. Parasitol Res. 2018;117:629\u201353.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res."},{"key":"4255_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-15-485","volume":"79","author":"RM Gabre","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gabre RM, Shakir A. Prevalence of some human enteroparasites in commonly consumed raw vegetables in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. J Food Prot. 2016;79:655\u20138.","journal-title":"J Food Prot."},{"key":"4255_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613960","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/613960","volume":"2014","author":"MA Eraky","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eraky MA, Rashed SM, Nasr Mel S, El-Hamshary AM, Salah El-Ghannam A. Parasitic contamination of commonly consumed fresh leafy vegetables in Benha, Egypt. J Parasitol Res. 2014;2014:613960.","journal-title":"J Parasitol Res."},{"key":"4255_CR19","first-page":"382715","volume":"2014","author":"T Tefera","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tefera T, Biruksew A, Mekonnen Z, Eshetu T. Parasitic contamination of fruits and vegetables collected from selected local markets of Jimma town, southwest Ethiopia. Int Sch Res Notices. 2014;2014:382715.","journal-title":"Int Sch Res Notices."},{"key":"4255_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.5604\/17331331.1204480","volume":"65","author":"Y Ismail","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ismail Y. Prevalence of parasitic contamination in salad vegetables collected from supermarkets and street vendors in Amman and Baqa\u2019a - Jordan. Pol J Microbiol. 2016;65:201\u20137.","journal-title":"Pol J Microbiol."},{"key":"4255_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4071","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00477-07","volume":"73","author":"S Jedrzejewski","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jedrzejewski S, Graczyk TK, Slodkowicz-Kowalska A, Tamang L, Majewska AC. Quantitative assessment of contamination of fresh food produce of various retail types by human-virulent microsporidian spores. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73:4071\u20133.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"4255_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2014.29.10.1367","volume":"29","author":"S Hong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hong S, Kim K, Yoon S, Park WY, Sim S, Yu JR. Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in environmental soil and vegetables. J Korean Med Sci. 2014;29:1367\u201371.","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci."},{"key":"4255_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2017.06.006","volume":"67","author":"T Caradonna","year":"2017","unstructured":"Caradonna T, Marangi M, Del Chierico F, Ferrari N, Reddel S, Bracaglia G. Detection and prevalence of protozoan parasites in ready-to-eat packaged salads on sale in Italy. Food Microbiol. 2017;67:67\u201375.","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"4255_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2017.55.2.137","volume":"55","author":"S Sim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sim S, Won J, Kim JW, Kim K, Park WY, Yu JR. Simultaneous molecular detection of Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora from raw vegetables in Korea. Korean J Parasitol. 2017;55:137\u201342.","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitol."},{"key":"4255_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.01.027","volume":"139","author":"A Rzezutka","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rzezutka A, Nichols RA, Connelly L, Kaupke A, Kozyra I, Cook N, et al. Cryptosporidium oocysts on fresh produce from areas of high livestock production in Poland. Int J Food Microbiol. 2010;139:96\u2013101.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol."},{"key":"4255_CR26","first-page":"193","volume":"30","author":"Sh Ranjbar-Bahadori","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ranjbar-Bahadori Sh, Mostoophi A, Shemshadi B. Study on Cryptosporidium contamination in vegetable farms around Tehran. Trop Biomed. 2013;30:193\u20138.","journal-title":"Trop Biomed."},{"key":"4255_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.10.025","volume":"153","author":"JM Shields","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shields JM, Lee MM, Murphy HR. Use of a common laboratory glassware detergent improves recovery of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cyclospora cayetanensis from lettuce, herbs and raspberries. Int J Food Microbiol. 2012;153:123\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol."},{"key":"4255_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-15-306","volume":"79","author":"R Tiyo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tiyo R, de Souza CZ, Arruda Piovesani AF, Tiyo BT, Colli CM, Marchioro AA, et al. Predominance of Giardia duodenalis assemblage AII in fresh leafy vegetables from a market in southern Brazil. J Food Prot. 2016;79:1036\u20139.","journal-title":"J Food Prot."},{"key":"4255_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-016-0133-5","volume":"15","author":"MA Mohamed","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mohamed MA, Siddig EE, Elaagip AH, Edris AM, Nasr AA. Parasitic contamination of fresh vegetables sold at central markets in Khartoum state, Sudan. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2016;15:17.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob."},{"key":"4255_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-17-358","volume":"81","author":"ER Machado","year":"2018","unstructured":"Machado ER, Maldonade IR, Riquette RFR, Mendes VS, Gurgel-Gon\u00e7alves R, Ginani VC. Frequency of enteroparasites and bacteria in the leafy vegetables sold in Brazilian public wholesale markets. J Food Prot. 2018;81:542\u20138.","journal-title":"J Food Prot."},{"key":"4255_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-13-381","volume":"77","author":"V Chandra","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chandra V, Torres M, Ortega YR. Efficacy of wash solutions in recovering Cyclospora cayetanensis, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Toxoplasma gondii from basil. J Food Prot. 2014;77:1348\u201354.","journal-title":"J Food Prot."},{"key":"4255_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0226-6","volume":"6","author":"F Bekele","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bekele F, Tefera T, Biresaw G, Yohannes T. Parasitic contamination of raw vegetables and fruits collected from selected local markets in Arba Minch town, southern Ethiopia. Infect Dis Poverty. 2017;6:19.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty."},{"key":"4255_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.07.009","volume":"34","author":"Y Feng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Feng Y, Ryan UM, Xiao L. Genetic diversity and population structure of Cryptosporidium. Trends Parasitol. 2018;34:997\u20131011.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"4255_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.10.023","volume":"184","author":"A Khan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khan A, Shaik JS, Grigg ME. Genomics and molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium species. Acta Trop. 2018;184:1\u201314.","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"4255_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-64.11.1793","volume":"64","author":"LJ Robertson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Robertson LJ, Gjerde B. Occurrence of parasites on fruits and vegetables in Norway. J Food Prot. 2001;64:1793\u20138.","journal-title":"J Food Prot."},{"key":"4255_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108292","volume":"307","author":"J Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li J, Shi K, Sun F, Li T, Wang R, Zhang S, et al. Identification of human pathogenic Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Cryptosporidium parvum on the surfaces of vegetables and fruits in Henan, China. Int J Food Microbiol. 2019;307:108292.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol."},{"key":"4255_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2016.07.019","volume":"34","author":"E Einarsson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Einarsson E, Ma\u2019ayeh S, Sv\u00e4rd SG. An up-date on Giardia and giardiasis. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2016;34:47\u201352.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol."},{"key":"4255_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00033-10","volume":"24","author":"Y Feng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Feng Y, Xiao L. Zoonotic potential and molecular epidemiology of Giardia species and giardiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2011;24:110\u201340.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"4255_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0118065","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118065","volume":"10","author":"CM Colli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Colli CM, Bezagio RC, Nishi L, Bignotto TS, Ferreira \u00c9C, Falavigna-Guilherme AL, et al. Identical assemblage of Giardia duodenalis in humans, animals and vegetables in an urban area in southern Brazil indicates a relationship among them. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0118065.","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"4255_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-16-415","volume":"12","author":"M Figgatt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Figgatt M, Mergen K, Kimelstein D, Mahoney DM, Newman A, Nicholas D, et al. Giardiasis outbreak associated with asymptomatic food handlers in New York State, 2015. J Food Prot. 2017;12:837\u201341.","journal-title":"J Food Prot."},{"key":"4255_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3971-x","volume":"19","author":"B Sitotaw","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sitotaw B, Mekuriaw H, Damtie D. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors among Jawi primary school children, Jawi town, north-west Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19:341.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"4255_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2009.0477","volume":"7","author":"M Shahnazi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shahnazi M, Jafari-Sabet M. Prevalence of parasitic contamination of raw vegetables in villages of Qazvin Province, Iran. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2010;7:1025\u201330.","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis."},{"key":"4255_CR43","first-page":"19","volume":"10","author":"F Bekele","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bekele F, Shumbej T. Fruit and vegetable contamination with medically important helminths and protozoans in Tarcha town, Dawuro zone, South West Ethiopia. Res Rep Trop Med. 2019;10:19\u201323.","journal-title":"Res Rep Trop Med."},{"key":"4255_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/try013","volume":"111","author":"K Rafael","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rafael K, Marchioro AA, Colli CM, Tiyo BT, Evangelista FF, Bezagio RC, et al. Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in vegetables cultivated with organic and chemical fertilizer from street markets and community vegetable gardens in a region of southern Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2017;111:540\u20135.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"4255_CR45","first-page":"327","volume":"27","author":"FP Ferreira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ferreira FP, Caldart ET, Freire RL, Mitsuka-Bregan\u00f3 R, Freitas FM, Miura AC, et al. The effect of water source and soil supplementation on parasite contamination in organic vegetable gardens. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. 2018;27:327\u201337.","journal-title":"Rev Bras Parasitol Vet."},{"key":"4255_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00026-09","volume":"23","author":"YR Ortega","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ortega YR, Sanchez R. Update on Cyclospora cayetanensis, a food-borne and waterborne parasite. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010;23:218\u201334.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"4255_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02158.x","volume":"13","author":"NT Tram","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tram NT, Hoang LM, Cam PD, Chung PT, Fyfe MW, Isaac-Renton JL, et al. Cyclospora spp. in herbs and water samples collected from markets and farms in Hanoi, Vietnam. Trop Med Int Health. 2008;13:1415\u201320.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health."},{"key":"4255_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.07.002","volume":"211","author":"A Giangaspero","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giangaspero A, Marangi M, Koehler AV, Papini R, Normanno G, Lacasella V, et al. Molecular detection of Cyclospora in water, soil, vegetables and humans in southern Italy signals a need for improved monitoring by health authorities. Int J Food Microbiol. 2015;211:95\u2013100.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol."},{"key":"4255_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.104018","volume":"75","author":"Z Cui","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cui Z, Li J, Chen Y, Zhang L. Molecular epidemiology, evolution, and phylogeny of Entamoeba spp. Infect Genet Evol. 2019;75:104018.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol."},{"key":"4255_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4601420","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4601420","volume":"2018","author":"M Kantor","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kantor M, Abrantes A, Estevez A, Schiller A, Torrent J, Gascon J, et al. Entamoeba histolytica: updates in clinical manifestation, pathogenesis, and vaccine development. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;2018:4601420.","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"4255_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.10.003","volume":"42","author":"TS Anuar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Anuar TS, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Abdul Ghani MK, Abu Bakar E, Azreen SN, Salleh FM, et al. Molecular epidemiology of amoebiasis in Malaysia: highlighting the different risk factors of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar infections among Orang Asli communities. Int J Parasitol. 2012;42:1165\u201375.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol."},{"key":"4255_CR52","first-page":"440","volume":"27","author":"A Azim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Azim A, Ahmed S, Paul SK, Nasreen SA, Sarkar SR, Ahmed MU, et al. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in raw vegetables consumed by inhabitants of Mymensingh City. Mymensingh Med J. 2018;27:440\u20134.","journal-title":"Mymensingh Med J."},{"key":"4255_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.4315\/JFP-19-559","volume":"83","author":"S M\u2019rad","year":"2020","unstructured":"M\u2019rad S, Chaabane-Banaoues R, Lahmar I, Oumaima H, Mezhoud H, Babba H, et al. Parasitological contamination of vegetables sold in Tunisian retail markets with helminth eggs and protozoan cysts. J Food Prot. 2020;83:1104\u20139.","journal-title":"J Food Prot."},{"key":"4255_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-019-01405-7","volume":"16","author":"AA Aguirre","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aguirre AA, Longcore T, Barbieri M, Dabritz H, Hill D, Klein PN, et al. The one health approach to toxoplasmosis: epidemiology, control, and prevention strategies. Ecohealth. 2019;16:378\u201390.","journal-title":"Ecohealth."},{"key":"4255_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.07.007","volume":"258","author":"M Sharif","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sharif M, Amouei A, Sarvi S, Mizani A, Aarabi M, Hosseini SA, et al. Genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from ruminants: a systematic review. Int J Food Microbiol. 2017;258:38\u201349.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol."},{"key":"4255_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268818002947","volume":"147","author":"SA Hosseini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hosseini SA, Amouei A, Sharif M, Sarvi Sh, Galal L, Javidnia J, et al. Human toxoplasmosis: a systematic review for genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii in clinical samples. Epidemiol Infect. 2018;147:e36.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect."},{"key":"4255_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens6020021","volume":"6","author":"MA Hussain","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hussain MA, Stitt V, Szabo EA, Nelan B. Toxoplasma gondii in the food supply. Pathogens. 2017;6:21.","journal-title":"Pathogens."},{"key":"4255_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3936-0","volume":"19","author":"M Teweldemedhin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Teweldemedhin M, Gebremichael A, Geberkirstos G, Hadush H, Gebrewahid T, Asgedom SW, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii among pregnant women in Adwa district, northern Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19:327.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"4255_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-014-0537-0","volume":"40","author":"M Sadaghian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sadaghian M, Amani S, Jafari R. Prevalence of toxoplasmosis and related risk factors among humans referred to main laboratories of Urmia city, north west of Iran, 2013. J Parasit Dis. 2016;40:520\u20133.","journal-title":"J Parasit Dis."},{"key":"4255_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-018-0122-9","volume":"46","author":"E Paul","year":"2018","unstructured":"Paul E, Kiwelu I, Mmbaga B, Nazareth R, Sabuni E, Maro A, et al. Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in northern Tanzania. Trop Med Health. 2018;46:39.","journal-title":"Trop Med Health."},{"key":"4255_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1414-8","volume":"31","author":"A Lass","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lass A, Pietkiewicz H, Szostakowska B, Myjak P. The first detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in environmental fruits and vegetables samples. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;31:1101\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis."},{"key":"4255_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1937","volume":"16","author":"AA Marchioro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marchioro AA, Tiyo BT, Colli CM, de Souza CZ, Garcia JL, Gomes ML, et al. First detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in the fresh leafs of vegetables in South America. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2016;16:624\u20136.","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"4255_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17581","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54073-6","volume":"9","author":"A Lass","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lass A, Ma L, Kontogeorgos I, Zhang X, Li X, Karanis P. First molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in vegetable samples in China using qualitative, quantitative real-time PCR and multilocus genotyping. Sci Rep. 2019;9:17581.","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"4255_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fnz170","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnz170","volume":"366","author":"M Slany","year":"2019","unstructured":"Slany M, Dziedzinska R, Babak V, Kralik P, Moravkova M, Slana I. Toxoplasma gondii in vegetables from fields and farm storage facilities in the Czech Republic. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2019;366:fnz170.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett."},{"key":"4255_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00021-08","volume":"21","author":"FL Schuster","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schuster FL, Ramirez-Avila L. Current world status of Balantidium coli. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008;21:626\u201338.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"4255_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3175-2","volume":"11","author":"JTK Akoachere","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akoachere JTK, Tatsinkou BF, Nkengfack JM. Bacterial and parasitic contaminants of salad vegetables sold in markets in Fako division, Cameroon and evaluation of hygiene and handling practices of vendors. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11:100.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes."},{"key":"4255_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.4314\/gmj.v52i2.5","volume":"52","author":"C Kudah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kudah C, Sovoe S, Baiden F. Parasitic contamination of commonly consumed vegetables in two markets in Ghana. Ghana Med J. 2018;52:88\u201393.","journal-title":"Ghana Med J."},{"key":"4255_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qco.0000433320.90241.60","volume":"26","author":"P Legua","year":"2013","unstructured":"Legua P, Seas C. Cystoisospora and cyclospora. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2013;26:479\u201383.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis."},{"key":"4255_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981424","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/981424","volume":"2012","author":"O Matos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Matos O, Lobo ML, Xiao L. Epidemiology of Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection in humans. J Parasitol Res. 2012;2012:981424.","journal-title":"J Parasitol Res."},{"key":"4255_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.12792","volume":"67","author":"MR Karim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karim MR, Rume FI, Rahman ANMA, Zhang Z, Li J, Zhang L. Evidence for zoonotic potential of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in its first molecular characterization in captive mammals at Bangladesh National Zoo. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2020;67:427\u201335.","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol."},{"key":"4255_CR71","first-page":"428","volume":"54","author":"M Calvo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Calvo M, Carazo M, Arias ML, Chaves C, Monge R, Chinchilla M. Prevalence of Cyclospora sp., Cryptosporidium sp., microsporidia and fecal coliform determination in fresh fruit and vegetables consumed in Costa Rica. Arch Latinoam Nutr. 2004;54:428\u201332.","journal-title":"Arch Latinoam Nutr."},{"key":"4255_CR72","first-page":"364","volume":"12","author":"A Taghipour","year":"2019","unstructured":"Taghipour A, Javanmard E, Haghighi A, Mirjalali H, Zali MR. The occurrence of Cryptosporidium sp., and eggs of soil-transmitted helminths in market vegetables in the north of Iran. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2019;12:364\u20139.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench."},{"key":"4255_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13573","volume":"123","author":"S Shrestha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shrestha S, Haramoto E, Shindo J. Assessing the infection risk of enteropathogens from consumption of raw vegetables washed with contaminated water in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. J Appl Microbio. 2017;123:1321\u201334.","journal-title":"J Appl Microbio."},{"key":"4255_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15191","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-1620-3","volume":"25","author":"RS de Ara\u00fajo","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Ara\u00fajo RS, Aguiar B, Dropa M, Razzolini MT, Zanoli Sato MI, de Souza Lauretto M, et al. Detection and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium species and Giardia assemblages in two watersheds in the metropolitan region of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018;25:15191\u2013203.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int."},{"key":"4255_CR75","first-page":"250","volume":"10","author":"MR Mahmoudi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mahmoudi MR, Kazemi B, Haghighi A, Karanis P. Detection of Acanthamoeba and Toxoplasma in river water samples by molecular methods in Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2015;10:250\u20137.","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol."},{"key":"4255_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-4234-9","volume":"114","author":"M Adamska","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adamska M. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium and Giardia occurring in natural water bodies in Poland. Parasitol Res. 2015;114:687\u201392.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res."},{"key":"4255_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2014.09.001","volume":"218","author":"JA Castro-Hermida","year":"2015","unstructured":"Castro-Hermida JA, Gonz\u00e1lez-Warleta M, Mezo M. Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis as pathogenic contaminants of water in Galicia, Spain: the need for safe drinking water. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2015;218:132\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health."},{"key":"4255_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182020000086","volume":"147","author":"S Berrouch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Berrouch S, Escotte-Binet S, Harrak R, Huguenin A, Flori P, Favennec L, et al. Detection methods and prevalence of transmission stages of Toxoplasma gondii, Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in fresh vegetables: a review. Parasitology. 2020;147:516\u201332.","journal-title":"Parasitology."},{"key":"4255_CR79","first-page":"292","volume":"46","author":"R Monge","year":"1996","unstructured":"Monge R, Arias ML. Presence of various pathogenic microorganisms in fresh vegetables in Costa Rica. Arch Latinoam Nutr. 1996;46:292\u20134.","journal-title":"Arch Latinoam Nutr."},{"key":"4255_CR80","first-page":"135","volume":"40","author":"SF Mossallam","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mossallam SF. Detection of some intestinal protozoa in commercial fresh juices. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2010;40:135\u201349.","journal-title":"J Egypt Soc Parasitol."},{"key":"4255_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-343","volume":"7","author":"PF Ayeh-Kumi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ayeh-Kumi PF, Tetteh-Quarcoo PB, Duedu KO, Obeng AS, Addo-Osafo K, Mortu S, et al. A survey of pathogens associated with Cyperus esculentus L (tiger nuts) tubers sold in a Ghanaian city. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7:343.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes."},{"key":"4255_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(01)00738-3","volume":"75","author":"LJ Robertson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Robertson LJ, Johannessen GS, Gjerde BK, Loncarevic S. Microbiological analysis of seed sprouts in Norway. Int J Food Microbiol. 2002;75:119\u201326.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol."},{"key":"4255_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.57.683","volume":"57","author":"YR Ortega","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ortega YR, Roxas CR, Gilman RH, Miller NJ, Cabrera L, Taquiri C, et al. Isolation of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cyclospora cayetanensis from vegetables collected in markets of an endemic region in Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997;57:683\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"4255_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2007.08.004","volume":"19","author":"A Daryani","year":"2008","unstructured":"Daryani A, Ettehad GH, Sharif M, Ghorbani L, Ziaei H. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in vegetables consumed in Ardabil, Iran. Food Control. 2008;19:790\u20134.","journal-title":"Food Control."},{"key":"4255_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822003000400019","volume":"36","author":"P Paula","year":"2003","unstructured":"Paula P, Rodrigues PS, T\u00f3rtora JC, Uch\u00f4a CM, Farage S. Microbiological and parasitological contamination of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) from self service restaurants of Niter\u00f3i city, RJ. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2003;36:535\u20137.","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop."},{"key":"4255_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-019-00059-3","volume":"64","author":"NIC Do Ramos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Do Ramos NIC, RamosRamos RAN, Giannelli A, Lima VFS, Cringoli G, Rinaldi L, et al. An additional asset for the FLOTAC technique: detection of gastrointestinal parasites in vegetables. Acta Parasitol. 2019;64:423\u20135.","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04255-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04255-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04255-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T19:33:53Z","timestamp":1627500833000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04255-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4255"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04255-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 June 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 July 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 July 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"380"}}