{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T14:46:21Z","timestamp":1787928381267,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596153600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"innovative Vector Control Consortium"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Spatial repellents that drive mosquitoes away from treated areas, and odour-baited traps, that attract and kill mosquitoes, can be combined and work synergistically in a push-pull system. Push-pull systems have been shown to reduce house entry and outdoor biting rates of malaria vectors and so have the potential to control other outdoor biting mosquitoes such as\n                      <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      that transmit arboviral diseases. In this study, semi-field experiments were conducted to evaluate whether a push-pull system could be used to reduce bites from\n                      <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The push and pull under investigation consisted of two freestanding transfluthrin passive emanators (FTPE) and a BG sentinel trap (BGS) respectively. The FTPE contained hessian strips treated with 5.25 g of transfluthrin active ingredient. The efficacies of FTPE and BGS alone and in combination were evaluated by human landing catch in a large semi-field system in Tanzania. We also investigated the protection of FTPE over six months. The data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with binomial distribution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Two FTPE had a protective efficacy (PE) of 61.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): 52.2\u201369.9%) against the human landing of\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The BGS did not significantly reduce mosquito landings; the PE was 2.1% (95% CI: \u22122.9\u20137.2%). The push-pull provided a PE of 64.5% (95% CI: 59.1\u201369.9%). However, there was no significant difference in the PE between the push-pull and the two FTPE against\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.30). The FTPE offered significant protection against\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      at month three, with a PE of 46.4% (95% CI: 41.1\u201351.8%), but not at six months with a PE of 2.2% (95% CI: \u22129.0\u201314.0%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The PE of the FTPE and the full push-pull are similar, indicative that bite prevention is primarily due to the activity of the FTPE. While these results are encouraging for the FTPE, further work is needed for a push-pull system to be recommended for\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      control. The three-month protection against\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      bites suggests that FTPE would be a useful additional control tool during dengue outbreaks, that does not require regular user compliance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04263-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T08:03:58Z","timestamp":1596182638000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Semi-field evaluation of freestanding transfluthrin passive emanators and the BG sentinel trap as a \u201cpush-pull control strategy\u201d against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mgeni M.","family":"Tambwe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Chilumba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnson K.","family":"Swai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason D.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caleb","family":"Stica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Saddler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"4263_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004313","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004313","volume":"10","author":"LE Mboera","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mboera LE, Mweya CN, Rumisha SF, Tungu PK, Stanley G, Makange MR, et al. 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Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110:994\u20139.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04263-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04263-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04263-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T20:31:22Z","timestamp":1627677082000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04263-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4263"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04263-3","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-26088\/v3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-26088\/v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-26088\/v2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 April 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 July 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The volunteers that participated in this experiment were IHI employees, fully trained and skilled in performing HLC. They were recruited voluntarily through written informed consent, after the risks and benefits of the study procedures and their right to leave at any time during the study was clearly explained. All the mosquitoes used in this experiment were laboratory-reared and free from arboviral diseases. The study was approved by the IHI Institute Review Board (IHI-IRB) and the National Institute for Medical Research, Tanzania (NIMR) with certificate number IHI\/IRB\/No: 024-2016 and NIMR\/HQ\/R.8a\/Vol.IX\/2381, respectively. Permission to publish this work was granted from the Director General of NIMR.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests. SJM, JKS and CS conduct contract product evaluation of a number of vector control tools.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"392"}}