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Here we examined the role of reactive nitrogen species, nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite, in the immune response of mice experimentally infected with<jats:italic>Trichobilharzia regenti<\/jats:italic>, a model species of avian schistosomes remarkable for its neuropathogenicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inducible NO synthase (iNOS) was localized by immunohistochemistry in the skin and the spinal cord of mice infected by<jats:italic>T. regenti<\/jats:italic>. The impact of iNOS inhibition by aminoguanidine on parasite burden and growth was then evaluated<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. The vulnerability of<jats:italic>T. regenti<\/jats:italic>schistosomula to NO and peroxynitrite was assessed<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>by viability assays and electron microscopy. Additionally, the effect of NO on the activity of<jats:italic>T. regenti<\/jats:italic>peptidases was tested using a fluorogenic substrate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>iNOS was detected around the parasites in the epidermis 8 h post-infection and also in the spinal cord 3 days post-infection (dpi). Inhibition of iNOS resulted in slower parasite growth 3 dpi, but the opposite effect was observed 7 dpi. At the latter time point, moderately increased parasite burden was also noticed in the spinal cord.<jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>, NO did not impair the parasites, but inhibited the activity of<jats:italic>T. regenti<\/jats:italic>cathepsins B1.1 and B2, the peptidases essential for parasite migration and digestion. Peroxynitrite severely damaged the surface tegument of the parasites and decreased their viability<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, but rather did not participate in parasite clearance<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Reactive nitrogen species, specifically NO, do not directly kill<jats:italic>T. regenti<\/jats:italic>in mice. NO promotes the parasite growth soon after penetration (3 dpi), but prevents it later (7 dpi) when also suspends the parasite migration in the CNS. NO-related disruption of the parasite proteolytic machinery is partly responsible for this effect.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04279-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]],"date-time":"2020-08-20T11:02:57Z","timestamp":1597921377000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Nitric oxide debilitates the neuropathogenic schistosome Trichobilharzia regenti in mice, partly by inhibiting its vital peptidases"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6310-4099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1\u0161","family":"Mach\u00e1\u010dek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbora","family":"\u0160m\u00eddov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Pankr\u00e1c","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Majer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Bulantov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Hor\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"4279_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1001-907","volume":"2","author":"C Bogdan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bogdan C. 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