{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T06:08:56Z","timestamp":1790489336565,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598400000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur International Network","award":["DI\/EC\/MAM\/N\u00b0479\/14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DI\/EC\/MAM\/N\u00b0479\/14"]}]},{"name":"Institut Pasteur International Network","award":["IPIN\/G4 GROUP-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPIN\/G4 GROUP-02"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Madagascar","award":["IPM\/IPal-VivaxDuffy Internal Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPM\/IPal-VivaxDuffy Internal Grant"]}]},{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Madagascar","award":["007\/IPM\/DIR\/PR\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["007\/IPM\/DIR\/PR\/16"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Malaria is still a heavy public health concern in Madagascar. Few studies combining parasitology and entomology have been conducted despite the need for accurate information to design effective vector control measures. In a Malagasy region of moderate to intense transmission of both\n Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n and\n P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n , parasitology and entomology have been combined to survey malaria transmission in two nearby villages.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Community-based surveys were conducted in the villages of Ambohitromby and Miarinarivo at three time points (T1, T2 and T3) during a single malaria transmission season. Human malaria prevalence was determined by rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), microscopy and real-time PCR. Mosquitoes were collected by human landing catches and pyrethrum spray catches and the presence of\n Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n sporozoites was assessed by TaqMan assay.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Malaria prevalence was not significantly different between villages, with an average of 8.0% by RDT, 4.8% by microscopy and 11.9% by PCR. This was mainly due to\n P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n and to a lesser extent to\n P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n . However, there was a significantly higher prevalence rate as determined by PCR at T2 (\n \n \n $$\\chi_{2}^{2}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \u03c7<\/mml:mi>\n \n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msubsup>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n = 7.46,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.025). Likewise, mosquitoes were significantly more abundant at T2 (\n \n \n $$\\chi_{2}^{2}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \u03c7<\/mml:mi>\n \n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msubsup>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n = 64.8,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), especially in Ambohitromby. At T1 and T3 mosquito abundance was higher in Miarinarivo than in Ambohitromby (\n \n \n $$\\chi_{2}^{2}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \u03c7<\/mml:mi>\n \n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msubsup>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n = 14.92,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001). Of 1550\n Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n mosquitoes tested, 28 (1.8%) were found carrying\n Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n sporozoites. The entomological inoculation rate revealed that\n Anopheles coustani<\/jats:italic>\n played a major contribution in malaria transmission in Miarinarivo, being responsible of 61.2 infective bites per human (ib\/h) during the whole six months of the survey, whereas, it was\n An. arabiensis<\/jats:italic>\n , with 36 ib\/h, that played that role in Ambohitromby.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Despite a similar malaria prevalence in two nearby villages, the entomological survey showed a different contribution of\n An. coustani<\/jats:italic>\n and\n An. arabiensis<\/jats:italic>\n to malaria transmission in each village. Importantly, the suspected secondary malaria vector\n An. coustani<\/jats:italic>\n , was found playing the major role in malaria transmission in one village. This highlights the importance of combining parasitology and entomology surveys for better targeting local malaria vectors. Such study should contribute to the malaria pre-elimination goal established under the 2018\u20132022 National Malaria Strategic Plan.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04282-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]],"date-time":"2020-08-25T22:02:46Z","timestamp":1598392966000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Differential contribution of Anopheles coustani and Anopheles arabiensis to the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in two neighbouring villages of Madagascar"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3489-6645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessy","family":"Goupeyou-Youmsi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsiriniaina","family":"Rakotondranaivo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Puchot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Girod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In\u00e8s","family":"Vigan-Womas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5053-0622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mamadou Ousmane","family":"Ndiath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9209-845X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Bourgouin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"4282_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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Prior to carrying out study procedures, individual written informed consent was obtained from all study participants, or their parents or legal guardians in the case of minors.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"430"}}