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Multiple routes of parasite transmission often make it impossible to determine what type of host a specific infected animal is considered to be. Spargana larvae cause sparganosis, a severe food- and water-borne disease mainly found in Asia. In Poland, <jats:italic>Spirometra<\/jats:italic> sp. was reported in large carnivores in Bia\u0142owie\u017ca Primeval Forest for the first time in the 1940s and was recently confirmed as <jats:italic>S. erinaceieuropaei<\/jats:italic> in several mammals and snakes using molecular methods.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In total, 583 carcasses of 9 carnivore species were necropsied between 2013 and 2019 in north-eastern (NE) Poland. The larvae of <jats:italic>S. erinaceieuropaei<\/jats:italic> (spargana) were isolated from subcutaneous tissue, counted, and preserved for genetic analyses. We calculated the prevalence and intensity of infection. To assess spatial variation in <jats:italic>S. erinaceieuropaei<\/jats:italic> infection probability in NE Poland, we applied a generalized additive model (GAM) with binomial error distribution. To confirm the species affiliation of isolated larvae, we amplified a partial fragment of the <jats:italic>18S<\/jats:italic> rRNA gene (240 bp in length).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>Spirometra<\/jats:italic> larvae were found in the subcutaneous tissue of 172 animals of 7 species and confirmed genetically as <jats:italic>S. erinaceieuropaei<\/jats:italic>. The overall prevalence in all studied hosts was 29.5% with a mean infection intensity of 14.1 \u00b1 33.8 larvae per individual. Native European badgers and invasive raccoon dogs were characterized by the highest prevalence. An analysis of parasite spread showed a spatially diversified probability of infection with the highest values occurring in the biodiversity hot spot, Bia\u0142owie\u017ca Primeval Forest.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our study revealed that various mammal species (both native and non-native) can serve as <jats:italic>S. erinaceieuropaei<\/jats:italic> reservoirs. The frequency and level of infection may differ between selected hosts and likely depend on host diversity and habitat structure in a given area. Further studies are needed to assess the distribution of the parasite throughout Europe and the environmental and biological factors influencing infection severity in wild mammals.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04431-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T02:03:22Z","timestamp":1604973802000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Multispecies reservoir of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei (Cestoda: Diphyllobothridae) in carnivore communities in north-eastern Poland"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3888-7009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliza","family":"Kondzior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Kowalczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Tokarska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Borowik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Zalewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Ko\u0142odziej-Soboci\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"4431_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-409548-9.11094-2","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of ecology","author":"G Sorci","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sorci G, Garnier S. 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