{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T01:17:17Z","timestamp":1790212637934,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,11]],"date-time":"2020-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605052800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,11]],"date-time":"2020-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000683","name":"Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GR000556"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR000556"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000683","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/M010996\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/M010996\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006090","name":"Center for Global Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5 NU2GGH001874-02-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5 NU2GGH001874-02-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["216634\/Z\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["216634\/Z\/19\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Rattus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. are frequently implicated as key reservoir hosts for leptospirosis, one of the most common, but neglected, bacterial zoonoses in the world. Although leptospirosis is predicted to be a significant public health threat in Africa, studies from the continent are limited.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Rattus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009171) were sampled (January\u2013May 2016) across the City of Johannesburg, South Africa\u2019s largest inland metropole.\n                      <jats:italic>Rattus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. genetic diversity was evaluated by full length (1140 bp) cyt\n                      <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                      sequencing of 42 samples. For comparison, a further 12\n                      <jats:italic>Rattus norvegicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      samples collected in Cape Town, South Africa\u2019s largest coastal metropole, were also genotyped.\n                      <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections were identified and genotyped using real-time PCR and multi-locus (\n                      <jats:italic>lfb1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>secY<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>lipL41<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) DNA sequencing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Five\n                      <jats:italic>R. norvegicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      haplotypes were identified across Johannesburg, four of which have not previously been detected in South Africa, and one in Cape Town. Across Johannesburg we identified a\n                      <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. infection prevalence of 44% (75\/171) and noted significant differences in the prevalence between administrative regions within the metropole. Multi-locus sequence analyses identified a clonal genotype consistent with\n                      <jats:italic>L. borgpetersenii<\/jats:italic>\n                      serogroup Javanica (serovar Ceylonica).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The prevalence of infection identified in this study is amongst the highest detected in\n                      <jats:italic>Rattus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp\n                      <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>\n                      in similar contexts across Africa. Despite the complex invasion history suggested by the heterogeneity in\n                      <jats:italic>R. norvegicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      haplotypes identified in Johannesburg, a single\n                      <jats:italic>L. borgpetersenii<\/jats:italic>\n                      genotype was identified in all infected rodents. The lack of\n                      <jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic>\n                      in a rodent community dominated by\n                      <jats:italic>R. norvegicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      is notable, given the widely recognised host-pathogen association between these species and evidence for\n                      <jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection in\n                      <jats:italic>R. norvegicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in Cape Town. It is likely that environmental conditions (cold, dry winters) in Johannesburg may limit the transmission of\n                      <jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Spatial heterogeneity in prevalence suggest that local factors, such as land use, influence disease risk in the metropole.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In South Africa, as in other African countries, leptospirosis is likely underdiagnosed. The high prevalence of infection in urban rodents in Johannesburg suggest that further work is urgently needed to understand the potential public health risk posed by this neglected zoonotic pathogen.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04444-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,11]],"date-time":"2020-11-11T08:03:03Z","timestamp":1605081783000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Multi-locus sequence analyses reveal a clonal L. borgpetersenii genotype in a heterogeneous invasive Rattus spp. community across the City of Johannesburg, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0807-4632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Moseley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kovashnee","family":"Naidoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armanda","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liezl","family":"Retief","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Frean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Telfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Rossouw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"4444_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0003898","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003898","volume":"9","author":"F Costa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Costa F, Hagan JE, Calcagno J, Kane M, Torgerson P, Martinez-silveira MS, et al. Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9:e0003898.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"4444_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004122","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004122","volume":"9","author":"PR Torgerson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Torgerson PR, Hagan JE, Costa F, Calcagno J, Kane M, Martinez-Silveira MS, et al. Global burden of leptospirosis: estimated in terms of Disability Adjusted Life Years. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9:e0004122.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"4444_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.5","volume":"15","author":"M Picardeau","year":"2017","unstructured":"Picardeau M. Virulence of the zoonotic agent of leptospirosis: still terra incognita? Nat Rev Microbiol. 2017;15:297\u2013307.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol."},{"key":"4444_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007499","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007499","volume":"13","author":"K Boey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boey K, Shiokawa K, Rajeev S. Leptospira infection in rats: a literature review of global prevalence and distribution. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13:e0007499.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"4444_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3338","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003338","volume":"8","author":"F Costa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Costa F, Ribeiro GS, Felzemburgh RDM, Santos N, Reis RB, Santos AC, et al. Influence of household rat infestation on Leptospira transmission in the urban slum environment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8:e3338.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"4444_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-12-26","volume":"12","author":"AD Bastos","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bastos AD, Nair D, Taylor PJ, Brettschneider H, Kirsten F, Mostert E, et al. Genetic monitoring detects an overlooked cryptic species and reveals the diversity and distribution of three invasive Rattus congeners in South Africa. BMC Genet. 2011;12:26.","journal-title":"BMC Genet."},{"key":"4444_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2605.191132","volume":"26","author":"K Naidoo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Naidoo K, Moseley M, McCarthy K, Chingonzoh R, Lawrence C, Setshedi GM, et al. Fatal rodentborne leptospirosis in prison inmates, South Africa, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26:1033\u20135.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"4444_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v79i1.234","volume":"79","author":"UW Hesterberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hesterberg UW, Bagnall R, Perrett K, Bosch B, Horner R, Gummow B. A serological prevalence survey of leptospirosis in cattle of rural communities in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 2008;79:15\u20138.","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc."},{"key":"4444_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.09.019","volume":"134","author":"V Simbizi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Simbizi V, Saulez MN, Potts A, L\u00f6tter C, Gummow B. A study of leptospirosis in South African horses and associated risk factors. Prev Vet Med. 2016;134:6\u201315.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"4444_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsle.2005.06.011","volume":"249","author":"F Merien","year":"2005","unstructured":"Merien F, Portnoi D, Bourhy P, Charavay F, Berlioz-Arthaud A, Baranton G. A rapid and quantitative method for the detection of Leptospira species in human leptospirosis. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2005;249:139\u201347.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett."},{"key":"4444_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2406.180035","volume":"24","author":"M Moseley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moseley M, Rahelinirina S, Rajerison M, Garin B, Piertney S, Telfer S. Mixed Leptospira infections in a diverse reservoir host community, Madagascar, 2013\u20132015. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018;24:1137\u20139.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"4444_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-10-325","volume":"10","author":"J Perez","year":"2010","unstructured":"Perez J, Goarant C. Rapid Leptospira identification by direct sequencing of the diagnostic PCR products in New Caledonia. BMC Microbiol. 2010;10:325.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"4444_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02482-13","volume":"52","author":"AL Zilber","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zilber AL, Picardeau M, Ayral F, Artois M, Demont P, Kodjo A, et al. High-resolution typing of Leptospira interrogans strains by multispacer sequence typing. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52:564\u201371.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"4444_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12777","volume":"23","author":"M Dietrich","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dietrich M, Wilkinson DA, Soarimalala V, Goodman SM, Dellagi K, Tortosa P. Diversification of an emerging pathogen in a biodiversity hotspot: Leptospira in endemic small mammals of Madagascar. Mol Ecol. 2014;23:2783\u201396.","journal-title":"Mol Ecol."},{"key":"4444_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054","volume":"33","author":"S Kumar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kumar S, Stecher G, Tamura K. MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol Biol Evol. 2016;33:1870\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/msw054.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol."},{"key":"4444_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003537","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003537","volume":"10","author":"R Bouckaert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bouckaert R, Heled J, K\u00fchnert D, Vaughan T, Wu CH, Xie D, et al. BEAST 2: a software platform for Bayesian evolutionary analysis. PLoS Comput Biol. 2014;10:e1003537.","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol."},{"key":"4444_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syy032","volume":"67","author":"A Rambaut","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rambaut A, Drummond AJ, Xie D, Baele G, Suchard MA. Posterior summarization in Bayesian phylogenetics using Tracer 1.7. Syst Biol. 2018;67:901\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sysbio\/syy032.","journal-title":"Syst Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"4444_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12628","volume":"8","author":"G Yu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yu G, Smith DK, Zhu H, Guan Y, Lam TTY. Ggtree: an R package for visualization and annotation of phylogenetic trees with their covariates and other associated data. Methods Ecol Evol. 2017;8(1):28\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/2041-210X.12628.","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol."},{"issue":"2","key":"4444_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02101694","volume":"22","author":"M Hasegawa","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hasegawa M, Kishino H, Yano Yano T-A. Dating of the human-ape splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA. J Mol Evol. 1985;22(2):160\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02101694.","journal-title":"J Mol Evol."},{"issue":"1","key":"4444_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1400-1","volume":"9","author":"D Benacer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Benacer D, Mohd Zain SN, Sim SZ, Mohd Khalid MKN, Galloway RL, Souris M, et al. Determination of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Javanica and Leptospira interrogans serovar Bataviae as the persistent Leptospira serovars circulating in the urban rat populations in peninsular Malaysia. Parasit Vectors. 2016;9(1):117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-016-1400-1.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"issue":"12","key":"4444_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00830-2","volume":"3","author":"AR Bharti","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bharti AR, Nally JE, Ricaldi JN, Matthias MA, Diaz MM, Lovett MA, et al. Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003;3(12):757\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00830-2.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"issue":"39","key":"4444_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14560","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0603979103","volume":"103","author":"DM Bulach","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bulach DM, Zuerner RL, Wilson P, Seemann T, McGrath A, Cullen PA, et al. Genome reduction in Leptospira borgpetersenii reflects limited transmission potential. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103(39):14560\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0603979103.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"issue":"2","key":"4444_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007141","volume":"13","author":"KR Blasdell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Blasdell KR, Morand S, Perera D, Firth C. Association of rodent-borne Leptospira spp. with urban environments in Malaysian Borneo. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13(2):1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007141.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"4444_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2902","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002902","volume":"8","author":"J-F Cosson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cosson J-F, Picardeau M, Mielcarek M, Tatard C, Chaval Y, Suputtamongkol Y, et al. Epidemiology of Leptospira transmitted by rodents in Southeast Asia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(6):e2902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002902.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"11","key":"4444_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268809002647","volume":"137","author":"LH Kr\u00f8jgaard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kr\u00f8jgaard LH, Villumsen S, Markussen MDK, Jensen JS, Leirs H, Heiberg A-C. High prevalence of Leptospira spp. in sewer rats (Rattus norvegicus). Epidemiol Infect. 2009;137(11):1586\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0950268809002647.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect."},{"issue":"11","key":"4444_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14111","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014111","volume":"5","author":"S Rahelinirina","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rahelinirina S, L\u00e9on A, Harstskeerl RA, Sertour N, Ahmed A, Raharimanana C, et al. First isolation and direct evidence for the existence of large small-mammal reservoirs of Leptospira sp. in Madagascar. PLoS ONE. 2010;5(11):e14111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0014111.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"issue":"3","key":"4444_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815001740","volume":"144","author":"F Pag\u00e8s","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pag\u00e8s F, Larrieu S, Simoes J, Lenabat P, Kurtkowiak B, Guernier V, et al. Investigation of a leptospirosis outbreak in triathlon participants, R\u00e9union Island, 2013. Epidemiol Infect. 2016;144(3):661\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0950268815001740.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect."},{"key":"4444_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-147","volume":"9","author":"AFB Victoriano","year":"2009","unstructured":"Victoriano AFB, Smythe LD, Gloriani-Barzaga N, Cavinta LL, Kasai T, Limpakarnjanarat K, et al. Leptospirosis in the Asia Pacific region. BMC Infect Dis. 2009;9:147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2334-9-147.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"4444_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539516640350","volume":"28","author":"D Benacer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Benacer D, Thong KL, Verasahib KB, Galloway RL, Hartskeerl RA, Lewis JW, et al. Human leptospirosis in Malaysia: reviewing the challenges after 8 decades (1925\u20132012). Asia Pac J Public Health. 2016;28(4):290\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1010539516640350.","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Public Health."}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04444-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04444-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04444-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T12:17:12Z","timestamp":1630671432000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04444-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,11]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4444"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04444-0","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-47910\/v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-47910\/v2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-47910\/v3","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 July 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 October 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 November 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Animals were captured and euthanized in accordance with the protocol approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the National Health Laboratory Service (protocol number 131\/11) and Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Section 20 approval (reference number 12\/11\/1\/1\/8).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"570"}}