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However, this protein and members of this family have not yet been characterized in\n                      <jats:italic>Babesia bigemina<\/jats:italic>\n                      , one of the most prevalent species causing bovine babesiosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The 3186-bp\n                      <jats:italic>Babesia bigemina TRAP<\/jats:italic>\n                      -\n                      <jats:italic>1<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>BbiTRAP<\/jats:italic>\n                      -\n                      <jats:italic>1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) gene was identified by a bioinformatics search using the\n                      <jats:italic>B. bovis TRAP<\/jats:italic>\n                      -\n                      <jats:italic>1<\/jats:italic>\n                      sequence. Members of the\n                      <jats:italic>TRAP<\/jats:italic>\n                      and TRAP-related protein families (TRP) were identified in\n                      <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Theileria<\/jats:italic>\n                      through a search of the TSP-1 adhesive domain, which is the hallmark motif in both proteins. Structural modeling and phylogenetic analysis were performed with the identified TRAP proteins. A truncated recombinant BbiTRAP-1 that migrates at approximately\u2009107\u00a0kDa and specific antisera were produced and used in Western blot analysis and indirect fluorescent antibody tests (IFAT). B-cell epitopes with neutralizing activity in BbiTRAP-1 were defined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and invasion assays.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Three members of the TRAP family of proteins were identified in\n                      <jats:italic>B. bigemina<\/jats:italic>\n                      (BbiTRAP-1 to -3). All are type 1 transmembrane proteins containing the von Willebrand factor A (vWFA), thrombospondin type 1 (TSP-1), and cytoplasmic C-terminus domains, as well as transmembrane regions. The BbiTRAP-1 predicted structure also contains a metal ion-dependent adhesion site for interaction with the host cell. The TRP family in\n                      <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Theileria<\/jats:italic>\n                      species contains the canonical TSP-1 domain but lacks the vWFA domain and together with TRAP define a novel gene superfamily. A variable number of tandem repeat units are present in BbiTRAP-1 and could be used for strain genotyping. Western blot and IFAT analysis confirmed the expression of BbiTRAP-1 by blood-stage parasites. Partial recognition by a panel of sera from\n                      <jats:italic>B. bigemina<\/jats:italic>\n                      -infected cattle in ELISAs using truncated BbiTRAP-1 suggests that this protein is not an immunodominant antigen. Additionally, bovine anti-recombinant BbiTRAP-1 antibodies were found to be capable of neutralizing merozoite invasion in vitro.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We have identified the\n                      <jats:italic>TRAP<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>TRP<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene families in several\n                      <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Theileria<\/jats:italic>\n                      species and characterized BbiTRAP-1 as a novel antigen of\n                      <jats:italic>B. bigemina<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The functional relevance and presence of neutralization-sensitive B-cell epitopes suggest that BbiTRAP-1 could be included in tests for future vaccine candidates against\n                      <jats:italic>B. bigemina<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04469-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T07:03:23Z","timestamp":1606806203000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Identification and characterization of a Babesia bigemina thrombospondin-related superfamily member, TRAP-1: a novel antigen containing neutralizing epitopes involved in merozoite invasion"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Valeria Noely","family":"Montenegro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina Soledad","family":"Paoletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Jaramillo Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos E.","family":"Suarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvina Elizabeth","family":"Wilkowsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"4469_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004005190","volume":"129","author":"RE Bock","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bock RE, Jackson LA, de Vos AJ, Jorgensen WK. 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