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To better understand the disease and inform control measures to reduce transmission, we investigated the abundance and distribution of sand fly species responsible for\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      transmission in the sub-County and their blood-meal hosts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted an entomological survey in five villages with reported cases of VL in Merti sub-County, Kenya, using CDC miniature light traps and castor oil sticky papers. Sand flies were dissected and identified to the species level using standard taxonomic keys and PCR analysis of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (\n                      <jats:italic>cox1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) gene.\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      parasites were detected and identified by PCR and sequencing of internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) genes. Blood-meal sources of engorged females were identified by high-resolution melting analysis of vertebrate cytochrome b (cyt-b) gene PCR products.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We sampled 526 sand flies consisting of 8 species,\n                      <jats:italic>Phlebotomus orientalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (1.52%;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20098), and 7\n                      <jats:italic>Sergentomyia<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp.\n                      <jats:italic>Sergentomyia squamipleuris<\/jats:italic>\n                      was the most abundant sand fly species (78.71%;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009414) followed by\n                      <jats:italic>Sergentomyia clydei<\/jats:italic>\n                      (10.46%;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200955).\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania major<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      DNA were detected in\n                      <jats:italic>S. squamipleuris<\/jats:italic>\n                      specimens. Humans were the main sources of sand fly blood meals. However, we also detected mixed blood meals; one\n                      <jats:italic>S. squamipleuris<\/jats:italic>\n                      specimen had fed on both human and mouse (\n                      <jats:italic>Mus musculus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) blood, while two\n                      <jats:italic>Ph. orientalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      specimens fed on human, hyrax (\n                      <jats:italic>Procavia capensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and mouse (\n                      <jats:italic>Mus musculus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) blood.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our findings implicate the potential involvement of\n                      <jats:italic>S. squamipleuris<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the transmission of\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      and question the dogma that human leishmaniases in the Old World are exclusively transmitted by sand flies of the\n                      <jats:italic>Phlebotomus<\/jats:italic>\n                      genus. The presence of\n                      <jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. may indicate mechanical transmission, whose efficiency should be investigated. Host preference analysis revealed the possibility of zoonotic transmission of leishmaniasis and other pathogens in the sub-County.\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania major<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                      are known to cause ZCL and VL, respectively. However, the reservoir status of the parasites is not uniform. Further studies are needed to determine the reservoir hosts of\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. in the area.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04517-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]],"date-time":"2021-01-18T04:03:10Z","timestamp":1610942590000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Molecular detection of Leishmania donovani, Leishmania major, and Trypanosoma species in Sergentomyia squamipleuris sand flies from a visceral leishmaniasis focus in Merti sub-County, eastern Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Barrack O.","family":"Owino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jackline Milkah","family":"Mwangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Kiplagat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah Njiriku","family":"Mwangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johnstone M.","family":"Ingonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alphine","family":"Chebet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip M.","family":"Ngumbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jandouwe","family":"Villinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel K.","family":"Masiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7737-8069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damaris","family":"Matoke-Muhia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"4517_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.02.003","volume":"145","author":"CO Nzelu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nzelu CO, C\u00e1ceres AG, Arrun\u00e1tegui-Jim\u00e9nez MJ, La\u00f1as-Rosas MF, Ya\u00f1ez-Trujillano HH, Luna-Caipo DV, et al. 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