{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T14:38:37Z","timestamp":1794407917476,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,2]],"date-time":"2021-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609545600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,2]],"date-time":"2021-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["102543\/Z\/13\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["102543\/Z\/13\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000683","name":"Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000683","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In Mvoua, a village situated in a forested area of Cameroon, recent studies have reported high prevalence of<jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>infection among the population. In order to understand factors that can sustain such a high malaria transmission, we investigated the biology of<jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>vectors\u00a0and its susceptibility to insecticides, as well as long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) coverage, use and bio-efficacy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A longitudinal entomological survey was conducted from July 2018 to April 2019. Adult mosquitoes were collected using the human landing catch (HLC) method and identified using morphological and molecular techniques.<jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>s.l.<\/jats:italic>) larvae were sampled from several stagnant water pools throughout the village and reared to generate F1 adults. The presence of<jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>circumsporozoite antigen was detected in the heads and thoraces of mosquitoes collected as adults using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The insecticide susceptibility status of the local<jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>s.l.<\/jats:italic>) F1 population to the pyrethroid insecticides deltamethrin 0.5% and permethrin 0.75% was determined using World Health Organization-tube bioassays, while the frequency of the knockdown resistance (<jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>) mutation was determined by PCR. Coverage, use and physical integrity of LLINs were assessed in households, then cone assays were used to test for their bio-efficacy on both the reference\u00a0insecticide-susceptible Kisumu strain and on field F1<jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>s.l.<\/jats:italic>)<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 110<jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>mosquitoes were collected, of which 59.1% were identified as<jats:italic>Anopheles funestus<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>s.l.<\/jats:italic>), 38.18% as<jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>s.l.<\/jats:italic>) and 2.72% as<jats:italic>An. ziemanii<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>Anopheles funestus<\/jats:italic>was the most abundant species except in the long rainy season, when<jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>s.l.<\/jats:italic>) predominated (65.8%). In the dry seasons, vectors were principally endophagous (76% of those collected indoors) while they tended to be exophagous (66% of those collected outdoors) in rainy seasons. High<jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>infection was observed in<jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>gambiae<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>s.l.<\/jats:italic>) and<jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic>, with a circumsporozoitic rate of 14.29 and 10.77%, respectively.<jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>s.l.<\/jats:italic>) was highly resistant to pyrethroid insecticides (mortality rates: 32% for permethrin and 5% for deltamethrin) and harbored the<jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>-L1014F mutation at a high frequency (89.74%). Of the 80 households surveyed, only 47.69% had achieved universal coverage with LLNs. Around 70% of the LLINs sampled were in poor physical condition, with a proportionate hole index &gt; 300. Of the ten LLNs tested, eight were effective against the<jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>reference insecticide-susceptible\u00a0Kisumu strain, showing mortality rate of &gt; 80%, while none of these LLINs were efficient against local<jats:italic>An. gamabie<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>s.l.<\/jats:italic>) populations (mortality rates\u2009&lt;\u200911.5%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A combination of elevated<jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>infection in<jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>vector populations, insufficient coverage and loss of effectiveness of LLINs due to physical degradation, as well as high resistance to pyrethroid insecticides is responsible for the persistence of high malaria transmission in\u00a0forested rural area of Mvoua, Cameroon.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04525-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,2]],"date-time":"2021-01-02T14:02:39Z","timestamp":1609596159000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Insights into factors sustaining persistence of high malaria transmission in forested areas of sub-Saharan Africa: the case of Mvoua, South Cameroon"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Dominique","family":"Mieguim Ngninpogni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyrille","family":"Ndo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Ntonga Akono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anicet","family":"Nguemo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amine","family":"Nguepi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danale Rosine","family":"Metitsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeannette","family":"Tombi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parfait","family":"Awono-Ambene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles F\u00e9lix","family":"Bilong Bilong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"4525_CR1","volume-title":"World Malaria Report","author":"WHO","year":"2018","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World malaria report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018."},{"issue":"1","key":"4525_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1419-y","volume":"15","author":"NH Ntonifor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ntonifor NH, Veyufambom S. Assessing the effective use of mosquito nets in the prevention of malaria in some parts of Mezam division, Northwest Region Cameroon. Malaria J. 2016;15(1):390.","journal-title":"Malaria J"},{"key":"4525_CR3","unstructured":"National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP). NMCP annual report. Ministry of Public Health Cameroon; 2018."},{"issue":"5167","key":"4525_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8009215","volume":"264","author":"FH Collins","year":"1994","unstructured":"Collins FH, Besansky NJ. Vector biology and the control of malaria in Africa. Science. 1994;264(5167):1874\u20135.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4525_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3753-8","volume":"12","author":"C Antonio-Nkonjio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Antonio-Nkonjio C, Ndo C, Njiokou F, Bigoga J, Awono-Ambene P, Etang J, et al. Review of malaria situation in Cameroon: technical viewpoint on challenges and prospects for disease elimination. Parasites Vectors. 2019;12:501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3753-8.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors."},{"issue":"1","key":"4525_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-6-5","volume":"6","author":"JD Bigoga","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bigoga JD, Manga L, Titanji VPK, Coetzee M, Leke RGF. Malaria vectors and transmission dynamics in coastal south-western Cameroon. Malar J. 2007;6(1):5.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4525_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2759-y","volume":"11","author":"CKE Ndo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ndo C, Kopya E, Donbou MA, Njiokou F, Awono-Ambene P, Wondji C. Elevated Plasmodium infection rates and high pyrethroid resistance in major malaria vectors in a forested area of Cameroon highlight challenges of malaria control. Parasites Vectors. 2018;11:157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-018-2759-y.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"4525_CR8","volume-title":"Malaria: obstacles and opportunities","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"1991","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine, Committee for the Study on Malaria Prevention and Control. Vector biology, ecology, and control. In: Oaks SC Jr, Mitchell VS, Pearson GW, Carpenter CCJ, editors. Malaria: obstacles and opportunities, vol. 7. Washington DC: The National Academy Press; 1991."},{"issue":"8","key":"4525_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000303","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000303","volume":"7","author":"HM Ferguson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ferguson HM, Dornhaus A, Beeche A, Borgemeister C, Gottlieb M, Mulla MS, et al.. Ecology: a prerequisite for malaria elimination and eradication. PLoS Med. 2010;7(8):e1000303.","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"4525_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-3011-8","volume":"18","author":"SK Subbarao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Subbarao SK, Nanda N, Rahi M, Raghavendra K. Biology and bionomics of malaria vectors in India: existing information and what more needs to be known for strategizing elimination of malaria. Malar J. 2019;18(1):396.","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"4525_CR11","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guidelines for monitoring the durability of long-lasting insecticidal mosquito nets under operational conditions. Geneva: WHO\/HTM\/NTD\/WHOPES; 2011."},{"key":"4525_CR12","volume-title":"Recommendations for achieving universal coverage with long-lasting insecticidal nets in malaria control","author":"WHO","year":"2013","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Recommendations for achieving universal coverage with long-lasting insecticidal nets in malaria control. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013."},{"key":"4525_CR13","unstructured":"Suchel J-B. Les climats du Cameroun. PhD thesis. Bordeaux: Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux III; 1988."},{"key":"4525_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Service M. Mosquito ecology. Field sampling methods. Essex: Elsevier Science Publishers; 1993.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-8113-4"},{"key":"4525_CR15","unstructured":"Gillies MT, De Meillon B: The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian zoogeographical region), 2nd edn. Johannesburg: South African Institute of Medical Research; 1968."},{"key":"4525_CR16","first-page":"1","volume":"55","author":"MT Gillies","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gillies MT, Coetzee M. A supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa South of the Sahara. Publ S Afr Inst Med Res. 1987;55:1\u2013143.","journal-title":"Publ S Afr Inst Med Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"4525_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1984.33.783","volume":"33","author":"TR Bukot","year":"1984","unstructured":"Bukot TR, Williams JL, Schneider I. Identification of Plasmodium falciparum-infected mosquitoes by a double antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1984;33(5):783\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"issue":"4","key":"4525_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/24.4.433","volume":"24","author":"RA Wirtz","year":"1987","unstructured":"Wirtz RA, Burkot TR, Graves PM, Andre RG. Field evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax sporozoites in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from Papua New Guinea. J Med Entomol. 1987;24(4):433\u20137.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol."},{"key":"4525_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/107.4.611","volume":"107","author":"KJ Livak","year":"1984","unstructured":"Livak KJ. Organization and mapping of a sequence on the Drosophila melanogaster X and Y chromosomes that is transcribed during spermatogenesis. Genetics. 1984;107:611\u201334.","journal-title":"Genetics."},{"issue":"4","key":"4525_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2002.00393.x","volume":"16","author":"C Fanello","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fanello C, Santolamazza F, Torre AD. Simultaneous identification of species and molecular forms of the Anopheles gambiae complex by PCR-RFLP. Med Vet Entomol. 2002;16(4):461\u20134.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol."},{"issue":"804","key":"4525_CR21","first-page":"811","volume":"66","author":"LL Koekemoer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Koekemoer LL, Kamau L, Hunt RH, Coetzee M. A cocktail polymerase chain reaction assay to identify members of the Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) group. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002;66(804):811.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"issue":"1","key":"4525_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5070.129167","volume":"4","author":"I Hashmat","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hashmat I, Zarnigar Ghulamuddin S, Seikh A. The basic rules and methods of mosquito rearing (Aedes aegypti). Trop Parasitol. 2014;4(1):53\u20135.","journal-title":"Trop Parasitol."},{"key":"4525_CR23","volume-title":"Test procedures for insecticide resistance monitoring in malaria vector mosquitoes","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2013","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Test procedures for insecticide resistance monitoring in malaria vector mosquitoes. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013."},{"key":"4525_CR24","first-page":"302","volume":"3","author":"W Abbott","year":"1987","unstructured":"Abbott W. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. 1925. Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1987;3:302\u20133.","journal-title":"Am Mosq Control Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"4525_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2583.1998.72062.x","volume":"7","author":"D Martinez-Torres","year":"1988","unstructured":"Martinez-Torres D, Chandre F, Williamson MS, Darriet F, Berg\u00e9 JB, Devonshire AL, et al. Molecular characterization of pyrethroid knockdown resistance (kdr) in the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.s. Insect Mol Biol. 1988;7(2):179\u201384.","journal-title":"Insect Mol Biol."},{"issue":"6","key":"4525_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0128499","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128499","volume":"10","author":"Jodi Eng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eng JL, Chan A, Ab\u00edlio AP, Wolkon A, de Leon GP, Gimnig J, et al. Bed net durability assessments: exploring a composite measure of net damage. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0128499.","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"4525_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-2049-8","volume":"16","author":"JL Eng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eng JL, Mathanga DP, Landman K, Mwandama D, Minta A, Shah M, et al. Assessing bed net damage: comparisons of three measurement methods for estimating the size, shape, and distribution of holes on bed nets. Malar J. 2017;16:405.","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"4525_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-183","volume":"11","author":"E Batisso","year":"2012","unstructured":"Batisso E, Habate T, Tesfaye G, Getachew D, Tekalegne A, Kilian A, Mpeka B. A stitch in time: a cross-sectional survey looking at long lasting insecticide\u2014treated bed net ownership, utilization and attrition in SNNPR, Ethiopia. Malar J. 2012;11:18.","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"4525_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-299","volume":"10","author":"A Kilian","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kilian A, Byamukama W, Pigeon O, Gimnig J, Atieli F, Koekemoer L, et al. Evidence for a useful life of more than 3 years for a polyester based long lasting insecticidal net in Western Uganda. Malar J. 2011;10:299.","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"4525_CR30","volume-title":"Guidelines for laboratory and field testing of long-lasting insecticidal mosquito nets","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2005","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guidelines for laboratory and field testing of long-lasting insecticidal mosquito nets. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2005."},{"issue":"1","key":"4525_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0906-2","volume":"8","author":"AP Ntonga","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ntonga AP, Mbida JA, Tonga C, Belong P, Ngo-Hindt OE, Tamdem G, et al. Impact of vegetable crop agriculture on anopheline agressivity and malaria transmission in urban and less urbanized settings of the South region of Cameroon. Parasites Vectors. 2015;8(1):1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-015-0906-2.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors."},{"key":"4525_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2295-1","volume":"10","author":"HJ Overgaard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Overgaard HJ, Olano VA, Jaramillo JP, Matiz MI, Sarmiento D, Stenstrom TA, et al. A cross-sectional survey of Aedes aegypti immature abundance in urban and rural household containers in central Colombia. Parasites Vectors. 2017;10:356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-017-2295-1.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors."},{"key":"4525_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-40","volume":"4","author":"NCP Govella","year":"2011","unstructured":"Govella NJ, Chaki PP, Mpangile JM, Killeen GF. Monitoring mosquitoes in urban Dar es Salaam: evaluation of resting boxes, window exit traps, CDC light traps, Ifakara tent traps and human landing catches. Parasites Vectors. 2011;4:40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-3305-4-40","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"4525_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-111","volume":"13","author":"M Kilama","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kilama M, Smith DL, Hutchinson R, Kigozi R, Yeka A, Lavoy G, et al. Estimating the annual entomological inoculation rate for Plasmodium falciparum transmitted by Anopheles gambiae s.l. using three sampling methods in three sites in Uganda. Malar J. 2014;13:111.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"4525_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-0276140134","volume":"109","author":"JB Lima","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lima JB, Rosa-Freitas MG, Rodovalho CM, Santos F, Louren\u00e7o-de-Oliveira R. Is there an efficient trap or collection method for sampling Anopheles darlingi and other malaria vectors that can describe the essential parameters affecting transmission dynamics as effectively as human landing catches? A review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2014;109:685\u2013705.","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"4525_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0761-9","volume":"14","author":"OJT Bri\u00ebt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bri\u00ebt OJT, Huho BJ, Gimnig JE, Bayoh N, Seyoum A, Sikaala CH, et al. Applications and limitations of centers for disease control and prevention miniature light traps for measuring biting densities of African malaria vector populations: a pooled-analysis of 13 comparisons with human landing catches. Malar J. 2015;14:247.","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"4525_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-0276140134","volume":"109","author":"J Lima","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lima J, Rosa-Freitas MG, Rodovalho C, Santos F, Oliveira R. Is there an efficient trap or collection method for sampling Anopheles darlingi and other malaria vectors that can describe the essential parameters affecting transmission dynamics as effectively as human landing catches? Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2014;109:685\u2013705.","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"4525_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.5.901","volume":"41","author":"A Cohuet","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cohuet A, Simard F, Wondji CS, Antonio-Nkondjio C, Awono-Ambene H, Fontenille D. High malaria transmission intensity due to Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) in a village of savannah-rorest transmission area in Cameroon. J Med Ent. 2004;41:901\u20135.","journal-title":"J Med Ent."},{"key":"4525_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2020005","volume":"27","author":"L Djamouko-Djonkam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Djamouko-Djonkam L, Nkahe DL, Kopya E, Talipouo A, Ngadjeu C, Doumbe B, et al.. Implication of Anopheles funestus in malaria transmission in the city of Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon. Parasites. 2020;27:10.","journal-title":"Parasites"},{"key":"4525_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antonio-Nkondjio C, Awono-Ambene P, Toto JC, Meunier J-Y, Zebaze-Kemleu S, Nyambamet R, et al. High malaria transmission intensity in a village close to Yaounde, the Capital City of Cameroon. J Med Entomol. 2002;39(2):350\u20135.","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-39.2.350"},{"key":"4525_CR41","unstructured":"Cavalie Ph, Mouchet J. La campagne d'\u00e9radication du paludisme dans le Nord de la R\u00e9publique du Cameroun II Les op\u00e9rations de lutte anti-paludisque et leur r\u00e9sultats. M\u00e9d Trop. 1961;21:847\u2013870."},{"key":"4525_CR42","first-page":"13","volume":"1","author":"P Awono-Ambene","year":"2009","unstructured":"Awono-Ambene P, Antonio-Nkondjio C, Toto J, Ndo C, Etang J, Fontenille D, et al. Epidemological importance of the Anopheles nili group of malaria vectors in equatorial villages of Cameroon, Central Africa. Sci Med Afr. 2009;1:13\u201320.","journal-title":"Sci Med Afri"},{"issue":"1","key":"4525_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-10","volume":"6","author":"C Antonio-Nkondjio","year":"2013","unstructured":"Antonio-Nkondjio C, Demanou M, Etang J, Bouchite B. Impact of cyfluthrin (Solfac EW050) impregnated bed nets on malaria transmission in the city of Mbandjock: lessons for the nationwide distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) in Cameroon. Parasites Vectors. 2013;6(1):10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-3305-6-10.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors."},{"key":"4525_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-265","volume":"7","author":"NP Kar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kar NP, Ashwani K, Singh OM, Carlton JM, Nanda N. A review of malaria transmission dynamics in forest ecosystems. Parasites Vectors. 2014;7:265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-3305-7-265.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors."},{"key":"4525_CR45","volume-title":"Global malaria programme, Achieving universal coverage with long-lasting insecticidal nets in malaria control","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global malaria programme, Achieving universal coverage with long-lasting insecticidal nets in malaria control. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014."},{"key":"4525_CR46","first-page":"325","volume":"5","author":"RA Oss\u00e8","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oss\u00e8 RA, Aikpon R, Sovi A, Padonou GG, Ok\u00e9-Agbo F, Gnanguenon V, et al. Long lasting insecticidal nets use, efficacy and physical integrity in a vector resistance area after a nationwide campaign in southern Benin. West Africa. J Public Health Epidemiol. 2013;5:325\u201335.","journal-title":"West Africa. J Public Health Epidemiol."},{"key":"4525_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(05)61003-2","volume":"61","author":"J Hill","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hill J, Lines J, Rowland M. Insecticide-treated nets. Adv Parasitol. 2006;61:77\u2013128.","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4525_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2005.01.007","volume":"23","author":"S Morris","year":"2006","unstructured":"Morris S, Davies NW, Brown H, Groom T. Effect of drying conditions on pyrethrins content. Ind Crops Prod. 2006;23(1):9.","journal-title":"Ind Crops Prod"},{"issue":"10","key":"4525_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0163261","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163261","volume":"11","author":"B Menze","year":"2016","unstructured":"Menze B, Riveron JM, Ibrahim SS, Irving H, Antonio-Nkondjio C, Awono-Ambene PH. Multiple insecticide resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles funestus from northern Cameroon is mediated by metabolic resistance alongside potential target site insensitivity mutations. PLoS One. 2016;11(10):e0163261.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"4525_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2417-9","volume":"10","author":"C Antonio-Nkondjio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Antonio-Nkondjio C, Sonhafouo-Chiana N, Ngadjeu CS, Doumbe-Belisse P, Talipouo A, Djamouko-Djonkam L, et al. Review of the evolution of insecticide resistance in main malaria vectors in Cameroon from 1990 to 2017. Parasites Vectors. 2017;10(1):472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-017-2417-9.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors."},{"issue":"3","key":"4525_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.087916.108","volume":"19","author":"CS Wondji","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wondji CS, Irving H, Morgan J, Lobo NF, Collins FH, Hunt RH, et al. Two duplicated P450 genes are associated with pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles funestus, a major malaria vector. Genome Res. 2009;19(3):452\u20139.","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"4525_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2011.03.012","volume":"41","author":"CS Wondji","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wondji CS, Dabire RK, Tukur Z, Irving H, Djouaka R, Morgan JC. Identification and distribution of a GABA receptor mutation conferring dieldrin resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles funestus in Africa. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2011;41(7):484\u201391.","journal-title":"Insect Biochem Mol Biol."},{"key":"4525_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-192","volume":"7","author":"C Kerah-Hinzoumb\u00e9","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kerah-Hinzoumb\u00e9 C, P\u00e9ka M, Nwane P, Donan-Gouni I, Etang J, Sam\u00e8-Ekobo A, et al. Insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae from south-western Chad, Central Africa. Malar J. 2008;7:192.","journal-title":"Malar J."}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04525-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04525-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04525-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T17:51:44Z","timestamp":1697478704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04525-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,2]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4525"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04525-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 August 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 December 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Cameroonian National Ethical Committee for Research on Human Health (Statement No 2018\/07\/20\/CE\/NRERSH\/SP). One week before the beginning of field activities, the population received a notice of information explaining the objectives, methodology, expected benefits and possible risks of the study. A consent form was sought from the head of households and for participants aged > 18 years for mosquito collection. They were given the opportunity to ask questions and they were informed that they are free to withdraw from the study at any time, without penalty or loss of benefits. At the end of each sampling period, all mosquito collectors were given anti-malaria prophylaxis based on artesunate\/amodiaquine according to the national guide for malaria treatment.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2"}}