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For this,\n                      <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                      larvae need to take a bloodmeal from free-ranging ungulates, which are competent hosts for\n                      <jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Here, we compared the contribution of four free-ranging ungulate species, red deer (\n                      <jats:italic>Cervus elaphus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), fallow deer (\n                      <jats:italic>Dama dama<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), roe deer (\n                      <jats:italic>Capreolus capreolus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and wild boar (\n                      <jats:italic>Sus scrofa<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), to\n                      <jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections in nymphs. We used a combination of camera and live trapping to quantify the relative availability of vertebrate hosts to questing ticks in 19 Dutch forest sites. Additionally, we collected questing\n                      <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                      nymphs and tested these for the presence of\n                      <jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Furthermore, we explored two potential mechanisms that could explain differences between species: (i) differences in larval burden, which we based on data from published studies, and (ii) differences in associations with other, non-competent hosts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Principal component analysis indicated that the density of\n                      <jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                      -infected nymphs (DIN) was higher in forest sites with high availability of red and fallow deer, and to a lesser degree roe deer. Initial results suggest that these differences are not a result of differences in larval burden, but rather differences in associations with other species or other ecological factors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results indicate that the risk for contracting anaplasmosis in The Netherlands is likely highest in the few areas where red and fallow deer are present. Future studies are needed to explore the mechanisms behind this association.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04567-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T04:02:51Z","timestamp":1611028971000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Red and fallow deer determine the density of Ixodes ricinus nymphs containing Anaplasma phagocytophilum"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Katsuhisa","family":"Takumi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim R.","family":"Hofmeester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hein","family":"Sprong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"4567_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00031","volume":"3","author":"S Stuen","year":"2013","unstructured":"S Stuen EG Granquist C Silaghi 2013 Anaplasma phagocytophilum\u2013a widespread multi-host pathogen with highly adaptive strategies Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 3 31","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"4567_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3852-6","volume":"12","author":"IA Matei","year":"2019","unstructured":"IA Matei A Estrada-Pe\u00f1a SJ Cutler M Vayssier-Taussat L Varela-Castro A Potkonjak 2019 A review on the eco-epidemiology and clinical management of human granulocytic anaplasmosis and its agent in Europe Parasit Vectors. 12 599","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"4567_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2806-8","volume":"11","author":"E Hovius","year":"2018","unstructured":"E Hovius A Bruin de L Schouls J Hovius N Dekker H Sprong 2018 A lifelong study of a pack Rhodesian ridgeback dogs reveals subclinical and clinical tick-borne Anaplasma phagocytophilum infections with possible reinfection or persistence Parasit Vectors. 11 238","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"4567_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9020150","volume":"9","author":"T Azagi","year":"2020","unstructured":"T Azagi D Hoornstra K Kremer JWR Hovius H Sprong 2020 Evaluation of disease causality of rare ixodes ricinus-borne infections in Europe Pathogens. 9 1","journal-title":"Pathogens."},{"key":"4567_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2014.00073","volume":"2","author":"E Tijsse-Klasen","year":"2014","unstructured":"E Tijsse-Klasen MPG Koopmans H Sprong 2014 Tick-borne pathogen - reversed and conventional discovery of disease Front Public Health. 2 73","journal-title":"Front Public Health."},{"key":"4567_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3396-9","volume":"12","author":"JJ Fourie","year":"2019","unstructured":"JJ Fourie A Evans M Labuschagne D Crafford M Madder M Pollmeier 2019 Transmission of Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Foggie, 1949) by Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758) ticks feeding on dogs and artificial membranes Parasit Vectors. 12 136","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"4567_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025394315915","volume":"28","author":"NH Ogden","year":"2002","unstructured":"NH Ogden ANJ Casey NP French Z Woldehiwet 2002 A review of studies on the transmission of Anaplasma phagocytophilum from sheep: implications for the force of infection in endemic cycles Exp Appl Acarol. 28 195 202","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol."},{"key":"4567_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2744-5","volume":"11","author":"H Sprong","year":"2018","unstructured":"H Sprong T Azagi D Hoornstra AM Nijhof S Knorr ME Baarsma 2018 Control of Lyme borreliosis and other Ixodes ricinus-borne diseases Parasit Vectors. 11 145","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"4567_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008879","volume":"144","author":"TN Mather","year":"1996","unstructured":"TN Mather MC Nicholson EF Donnelly BT Matyas 1996 Entomologic index for human risk of Lyme disease. 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