{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T10:04:43Z","timestamp":1768730683606,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611273600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013432","name":"National Center for Veterinary Parasitology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013432","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"American Heartworm Society"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Detection of<jats:italic>Dirofilaria immitis<\/jats:italic>, or heartworm, through antigen in sera is the primary means of diagnosing infections in dogs. In recent years, the practice of heat-treating serum prior to antigen testing has demonstrated improved detection of heartworm infection. While the practice of heat-treating serum has resulted in earlier detection and improved sensitivity for heartworm infections, it has been suggested that heat treatment may cause cross reactivity with<jats:italic>A. reconditum<\/jats:italic>and intestinal helminth infections of dogs. No studies have assessed the potential cross-reactivity of these parasites with heartworm tests before and after heat treatment using blood products and an appropriate gold standard reference.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Canine sera (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=163) was used to evaluate a heartworm antigen-ELISA (DiroCHEK\u00ae) and potential cross-reactivity with common parasitic infections. The heartworm status and additional parasite infections were confirmed by necropsy and adult helminth species verified morphologically or by PCR, and feces evaluated by centrifugal fecal flotation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intestinal parasites were confirmed in 140 of the dogs by necropsy, and 130 by fecal flotation.<jats:italic>Acanthocheilonema reconditum<\/jats:italic>microfilariae were confirmed in 22 dogs. Prevalence of heartworm infection confirmed by necropsy was 35.6% (58\/163). In the 105 dogs without heartworms, specificity remained unchanged at 100% both before and after heat treatment despite confirmed infections with<jats:italic>A. reconditum<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Ancylostoma caninum<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Ancylostoma brasiliense<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Trichuris vulpis<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Toxocara canis<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Dipylidium caninum<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Spirometra mansonoides<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Macracanthorynchus ingens<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Cystoisospora<\/jats:italic>sp.,<jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>sp., and<jats:italic>Sarcocystis<\/jats:italic>sp.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings suggest that the use of heat treatment improves sensitivity of heartworm tests and is unlikely to cause false positive antigen results due to<jats:italic>Acanthocheilonema reconditum<\/jats:italic>, intestinal helminths, and protozoal parasites in dogs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04573-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T06:02:58Z","timestamp":1611295378000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Detection of heartworm antigen without cross-reactivity to helminths and protozoa following heat treatment of canine serum"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jeff M.","family":"Gruntmeir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nina M.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maureen T.","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Byron L.","family":"Blagburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5678-4938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather D. S.","family":"Walden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"4573_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(87)90149-4","volume":"134","author":"G Weil","year":"1985","unstructured":"Weil G, Malane M, Powers K, Blair LS. Monoclonal antibodies to parasite antigens found in the serum of Dirofilaria immitis\u2013infected dogs. J Immun. 1985;134:1185\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0014-4894(87)90149-4.","journal-title":"J Immun."},{"key":"4573_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2427(85)90042-x","volume":"10","author":"R Ott","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ott R, Staples M, Weekley M, Maggio E. Demonstration of both immunologically unique and common antigenic determinants in Dirofilaria immitis and Toxocara canis using monoclonal antibodies. Vet ImmImmunopath. 1985;10:147\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0165-2427(85)90042-x.","journal-title":"Vet ImmImmunopath"},{"key":"4573_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2736-5","volume":"11","author":"S Little","year":"2018","unstructured":"Little S, Saleh M, Wohltjen M, Nagamori Y. Prime detection of Dirofilaria immitis: understanding the influence of blocked antigen on heartworm test performance. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-018-2736-5.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4573_CR4","unstructured":"Dzimianski M, McCall J. Evaluation of adult antigen diagnostic test kits using well\u2013defined dog sera from laboratory and field trails. In: Otto G.F, editor. Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium\u201986, 1986 March 21\u201323; New Orleans, LA, USA. Washington D.C.; American Heartworm Society: 1986. 83\u201386."},{"key":"4573_CR5","unstructured":"Grieve R. Advances in the immunologic diagnosis of Dirofilaria immitis infection. Sem Vet Med Surg (Sm. Anim.). 1987:4\u201314."},{"key":"4573_CR6","first-page":"837","volume":"48","author":"JP Thilsted","year":"1987","unstructured":"Thilsted JP, Whorton J, Hibbs C, Jillson G, Steece R, Stromei M. Comparison of four serotests for the detection of Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs. Amer J Vet Res. 1987;48:837\u201341.","journal-title":"Amer J Vet Res"},{"key":"4573_CR7","first-page":"2289","volume":"45","author":"JM Gillis","year":"1984","unstructured":"Gillis JM, Smith RD, Todd KS Jr. Diagnostic criteria for an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for occult heartworm disease: standardization of the test system in naturally exposed dogs. Amer J Vet Res. 1984;45:2289\u201392.","journal-title":"Amer J Vet Res."},{"key":"4573_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00012-12","author":"F Sim\u00f3n","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sim\u00f3n F, Siles-Lucas M, Morch\u00f3n R, Gonz\u00e1lez-Miguel J, Mellado I, Carret\u00f3n E, et al. Human and animal dirofilariasis: the emergence of a zoonotic mosaic. ClinMicrobio Rev. 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.00012-12.","journal-title":"ClinMicrobio Rev"},{"key":"4573_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.012","volume":"187","author":"L Ciuca","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ciuca L, Sim\u00f2n F, Rinaldi L, Kramer L, Genchi M, Cringoli G, et al. Seroepidemiological survey of human exposure to Dirofilaria spp. in Romania and Moldova. Acta Trop. 2018;187:169\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.012.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"4573_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vpoa.2020.100029","author":"L Ciuca","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ciuca L, Vismarra A, Lebon W, Beugnet F, Morchon R, Rinaldi L, et al. New insights into the biology, diagnosis and immune response to Dirofilaria repens in the canine host. Vet Parasit X. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vpoa.2020.100029.","journal-title":"Vet Parasit X"},{"key":"4573_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109134","author":"LA Starkey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Starkey LA, Bowles JV, Blagburn BL. Comparison of acid- versus heat- treatment for immune complex dissociation and detection of D. immitis antigen in canine plasma. Vet Parasit. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109134.","journal-title":"Vet Parasit"},{"key":"4573_CR12","first-page":"367","volume":"23","author":"ML Ely","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ely ML, Courtney CH. Sensitivity and specificity of Filarochek heartworm antigen test and Dirotect heartworm antibody test for immunodiagnosis of canine dirofilariasis. J AmerAnimHospAssoc. 1987;23:367\u201371.","journal-title":"J AmerAnimHospAssoc"},{"key":"4573_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109070","author":"CS De Oliveira","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Oliveira CS, Savadelis MD, McLean NJ, Verocai GG. Assessing the potential cross\u2013reactivity using a commercial heartworm ELISA kits of serum from dogs naturally infected with Onchocerca lupi. Vet Parasit. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109070.","journal-title":"Vet Parasit"},{"key":"4573_CR14","first-page":"1423","volume":"192","author":"CJ Brunner","year":"1988","unstructured":"Brunner CJ, Hendrix CM, Blagburn BL, Hanrahan LA. Comparison of serologic tests for detection of antigen in canine heartworm infections. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1988;192:1423\u20137.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"4573_CR15","unstructured":"Genchi C, Basano FS, Bandi C, Sacco BD, Venco L, Vezzoni A, et al. Factors influencing the spread of heartworms in Italy. Interaction between Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens. In: Soll MD, Knight DH, editors. Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium '95, 1995 March 31\u2013April 2; Auburn, AL, USA. Batavia, Ill.: American Heartworm Society; 1995. 65\u201371."},{"key":"4573_CR16","unstructured":"McCall JW, Supakorndej N, Donoghue AR, Turnbull RK, Radecki SV. Evaluation of the performance of canine heartworm antigen test kits licensed for use by veterinarians and canine heartworm antigen tests conducted by diagnostic laboratories, and canine heartworm antigen tests conducted by diagnostic laboratories. In: Seward LE, Knight DH, editors. Recent Advances in Heartworm Disease Symposium\u201901. 2001 April 20\u201322; San Antonio, TX, USA. Batavia, Ill.: American Heartworm Society; 2001. 135\u2013140."},{"key":"4573_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-258","volume":"5","author":"M Schnyder","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schnyder M, Deplazes P. Cross\u2013reactions of sera from dogs infected with Angiostrongylus vasorum in commercially available Dirofilaria immitis test kits. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-3305-5-258.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4573_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.06.010","volume":"211","author":"I Aroch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aroch I, Rojas A, Slon P, Lavy E, Segev G, Baneth G. Serological cross\u2013reactivity of three commercial in\u2013house immunoassays for detection of Dirofilaria immitis antigens with Spirocerca lupi in dogs with benign esophageal spirocercosis. Vet Parasit. 2015;211:303\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.06.010.","journal-title":"Vet Parasit"},{"key":"4573_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5709-2","volume":"117","author":"M Genchi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Genchi M, Mangia C, Ferrari N, Loukeri S. Evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic test for the detection of low burden Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm) in dogs and cats. Parasit Res. 2018;117:31\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-017-5709-2.","journal-title":"Parasit Res"},{"key":"4573_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2020.102070","author":"C Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz C, Gonz\u00e1lvez M, Rojas A, Mart\u00ednez-Carrasco C, Baneth G, Berriatua E, et al. Massive microfilaremia in a dog subclinically infected with Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides. ParasitInt. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parint.2020.102070.","journal-title":"ParasitInt"},{"key":"4573_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109302","author":"C Sobotyk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sobotyk C, Savadelis MD, Verocai GG. Detection and cross-reaction of Dirofilaria repens using a commercial heartworm antigen test kit. Vet Parasit. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109302.","journal-title":"Vet Parasit"},{"key":"4573_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.05.032","volume":"225","author":"L Ciuc\u0103","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ciuc\u0103 L, Genchi M, Kramer L, Mangia C, Miron LD, Del Prete L, Maurelli MP, Cringoli G, Rinaldi L. Heat treatment of serum samples from stray dogs naturally exposed to Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in Romania. Vet Parasit. 2016;225:81\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.05.032.","journal-title":"Vet Parasit"},{"key":"4573_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2444-6","volume":"10","author":"L Venco","year":"2017","unstructured":"Venco L, Manzocchi S, Genchi M, Kramer LH. Heat treatment and false\u2013positive heartworm antigen testing in ex vivo parasites and dogs naturally infected by Dirofilaria repens and Angiostrongylus vasorum. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10:476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-017-2444-6.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4573_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2019073","author":"Y Laidoudi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Laidoudi Y, Ringot D, Watier-Grillot S, Davoust B, Mediannikov O. A cardiac and subcutaneous canine dirofilariosis outbreak in a kennel in central France. Parasite. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/parasite\/2019073.","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"4573_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8050770","volume":"8","author":"Y Laidoudi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Laidoudi Y, Mari\u00e9 JL, Tahir D, Watier-Grillot S, Mediannikov O, Davoust B. Detection of canine vector-borne filariasis and their\u00a0Wolbachia\u00a0endosymbionts in French Guiana. Microorg. 2020;8:770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms8050770.","journal-title":"Microorg."},{"key":"4573_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04185-0","author":"Y Laidoudi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Laidoudi Y, Davoust B, Varloud M, Fenollar F, Mediannikov O. Development of a multiplex qPCR-based approach for the diagnosis of Dirofilaria immitis, D. repens and Acanthocheilonema reconditum. Parasit Vectors. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04185-0.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"4573_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04376-9","volume":"13","author":"V Szatm\u00e1ri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Szatm\u00e1ri V, van Leeuwen MW, Piek CJ, Venco L. False positive antigen test for Dirofilaria immitis after heat treatment of the blood sample in a microfilaremic dog infected with Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13(1):1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04376-9.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4573_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109169","author":"JM Gruntmeir","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gruntmeir JM, Long MT, Blagburn BL, Walden HS. Canine heartworm and heat treatment: An evaluation using a well based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and canine sera with confirmed heartworm infection status. Vet Parasit. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109169.","journal-title":"Vet Parasit"},{"key":"4573_CR29","volume-title":"Veterinary clinical parasitology","author":"AM Zajac","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zajac AM, Conboy GA. Veterinary clinical parasitology. 8th ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2012.","edition":"8"},{"key":"4573_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-48","volume":"6","author":"J Magnis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Magnis J, Lorentz S, Guardone L, Grimm F, Magi M, Naucke TJ, et al. Morphometric analyses of canine blood microfilariae isolated by the Knott\u2019s test enables Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens species\u2013specific and Acanthocheilonema (syn. Dipetalonema) genus\u2013specific diagnosis. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-3305-6-48.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"4573_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.043","volume":"182","author":"D Otranto","year":"2011","unstructured":"Otranto D, Brianti E, Dantas-Torres F, Weigl S, Latrofa MS, Gaglio G, et al. Morphological and molecular data on the dermal microfilariae of a species of Cercopithifilaria from a dog in Sicily. Vet Parasit. 2011;182:221\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.043.","journal-title":"Vet Parasit"},{"key":"4573_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2055-2","volume":"10","author":"AM Ionic\u0103","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ionic\u0103 AM, Matei IA, D\u2019 Amico G, Bel LV, Dumitrache MO, Modr\u00fd D, et al. Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens show circadian co\u2013periodicity in naturally co\u2013infected dogs. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10:116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-017-2055-2.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4573_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1990.197.06.724","volume":"197","author":"CH Courtney","year":"1990","unstructured":"Courtney CH, Cornell JA. Evaluation of heartworm immunodiagnostic tests. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1990;197:724\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"4573_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.309.6947.102","author":"DG Altman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Altman DG, Bland JM. Diagnostic tests 2: predictive values. Br Med J. 1994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.309.6947.102.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"4573_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2443-7","volume":"10","author":"BA DiGangi","year":"2017","unstructured":"DiGangi BA, Dworkin C, Stull JW, O\u2019Quin J, Elser M, Marsh AE, et al. Impact of heat treatment on Dirofilaria immitis antigen detection in shelter dogs. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10:483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-017-2443-7.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4573_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vpoa.2020.100027","author":"KM Hays","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hays KM, Rodriguez JY, Little SE, Litster AL, Mwacalimba KK, Sundstrom KD, et al. Heartworm prevalence in dogs versus cats: Multiple diagnostic modalities provide new insights. Vet Parasit X. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vpoa.2020.100027.","journal-title":"Vet Parasit X"},{"key":"4573_CR37","first-page":"701","volume":"23","author":"NH Altman","year":"1973","unstructured":"Altman NH, Yarbrough B. A rapid screening program for the diagnosis of Dirofilaria immitis infections in dogs. Lab AnimSci. 1973;23:701\u20133.","journal-title":"Lab AnimSci"},{"key":"4573_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(87)90149-4","volume":"64","author":"GJ Weil","year":"1987","unstructured":"Weil GJ. Dirofilariaimmitis: identification and partial characterization of parasite antigens in the serum of infected dogs. ExpParasit. 1987;64:244\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0014-4894(87)90149-4.","journal-title":"ExpParasit"},{"key":"4573_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109099","author":"MK Ames","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ames MK, VanVranken P, Evans C, Atkins CE. Non-Arsenical heartworm adulticidal therapy using topical moxidectin-imidacloprid and doxycycline: a prospective case series. Vet Parasit. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109099.","journal-title":"Vet Parasit"},{"key":"4573_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6823e1","volume":"68","author":"EG Pieracci","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pieracci EG, Pearson CM, Wallace RM, Blanton JD, Whitehouse ER, Ma X, et al. Vital signs: Trends in human rabies deaths and exposures-United States, 1938\u20132018. Morb Mort Wk Rep. 2019;68:524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6823e1.","journal-title":"Morb Mort Wk Rep"},{"key":"4573_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.025","volume":"176","author":"G Conboy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Conboy G. Canine angiostrongylosis: the French heartworm: an emerging threat in North America. Vet Parasit. 2011;176:382\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.025.","journal-title":"Vet Parasit"},{"key":"4573_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.10.004","volume":"36","author":"A Rojas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rojas A, Dvir E, Baneth G. Insights on Spirocerca lupi, the carcinogenic dog nematode. Trends Parasit. 2020;36:52\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2019.10.004.","journal-title":"Trends Parasit"},{"key":"4573_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105097","volume":"183","author":"JM Priest","year":"2018","unstructured":"Priest JM, Stewart DT, Boudreau M, Power J, Shutler D. First report of Angiostrongylus vasorum in coyotes in mainland North America. Vet Rec. 2018;183:47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/vr.105097.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"4573_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.12.007","volume":"200","author":"WM Kistler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kistler WM, Brown JD, Allison AB, Nemeth NM, Yabsley MJ. First report of Angiostrongylus vasorum and Hepatozoon from a red fox (Vulpes vulpes) from West Virginia, USA. Vet Parasit. 2014;200:216\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.12.007.","journal-title":"Vet Parasit"},{"key":"4573_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1654\/4081","volume":"70","author":"GW Foster","year":"2003","unstructured":"Foster GW, Main MB, Kinsella JM, Dixon LM, Terrell SP, Forrester DJ. Parasitic helminths and arthropods of coyotes (Canis latrans) from Florida, USA. Comp Parasit. 2003;70:162\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1654\/4081.","journal-title":"Comp Parasit"},{"key":"4573_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2018.05.005","volume":"13","author":"BM Williams","year":"2018","unstructured":"Williams BM, Cleveland CA, Verocai GG, Swanepoel L, Niedringhaus KD, Paras KL, et al. Dracunculus infections in domestic dogs and cats in North America; an under\u2013recognized parasite? Vet ParasitReg Stud Rep. 2018;13:148\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vprsr.2018.05.005.","journal-title":"Vet ParasitReg Stud Rep"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04573-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04573-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04573-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T20:45:20Z","timestamp":1724359520000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04573-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4573"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04573-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 August 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 December 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All work was performed as approved by the University of Florida Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee protocol #201810115.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"71"}}