{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T19:07:35Z","timestamp":1783537655623,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]],"date-time":"2020-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]],"date-time":"2020-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004504","name":"Lietuvos Mokslo Taryba","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DOTSUT-137-09.3.3-LMT-K-712-02-0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOTSUT-137-09.3.3-LMT-K-712-02-0004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004504","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004504","name":"Lietuvos Mokslo Taryba","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S-MIP-17-27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S-MIP-17-27"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004504","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Blood parasites belonging to the Apicomplexa, Trypanosomatidae and Filarioidea are widespread in birds and have been studied extensively. Microscopical examination (ME) of stained blood films remains the gold standard method for the detection of these infections in birds, particularly because co-infections predominate in wildlife. None of the available molecular tools can detect all co-infections at the same time, but ME provides opportunities for this to be achieved. However, fixation, drying and staining of blood films as well as their ME are relatively time-consuming. This limits the detection of infected hosts during fieldwork when captured animals should be released soon after sampling. It is an obstacle for quick selection of donor hosts for parasite experimental, histological and other investigations in the field. This study modified, tested and described the buffy coat method (BCM) for quick diagnostics (~\u200920\u00a0min\/sample) of avian blood parasites.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Blood of 345 birds belonging to 42 species was collected, and each sample was examined using ME of stained blood films and the buffy coat, which was examined after centrifugation in capillary tubes and after being transferred to objective glass slides. Parasite detection using these methods was compared using sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and Cohen\u2019s kappa index.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Haemoproteus<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Leucocytozoon<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>, microfilariae,<jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Lankesterella<\/jats:italic>parasites were detected. BCM had a high sensitivity (&gt;\u200990%) and specificity (&gt;\u200990%) for detection of<jats:italic>Haemoproteus<\/jats:italic>and microfilariae infections. It was of moderate sensitivity (57%) and high specificity (&gt;\u200990%) for<jats:italic>Lankesterella<\/jats:italic>infections, but of low sensitivity (20%) and high specificity (&gt;\u200990%) for<jats:italic>Leucocytozoon<\/jats:italic>infections.<jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>parasites were detected only by BCM and ME, respectively. According to Cohen\u2019s kappa index, the agreement between two diagnostic tools was substantial for<jats:italic>Haemoproteus<\/jats:italic>(0.80), moderate for<jats:italic>Lankesterella<\/jats:italic>(0.46) and fair for microfilariae and<jats:italic>Leucocytozoon<\/jats:italic>(0.28) infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>BCM is sensitive and recommended as a quick and reliable tool to detect<jats:italic>Haemoproteus<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>and microfilariae parasites during fieldwork. However, it is not suitable for detection of species of<jats:italic>Leucocytozoon<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>. BCM is a useful tool for diagnostics of blood parasite co-infections. Its application might be extended to studies of blood parasites in other vertebrates during field studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3984-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]],"date-time":"2020-02-27T09:02:36Z","timestamp":1582794156000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["The buffy coat method: a tool for detection of blood parasites without staining procedures"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7884-9085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina R. F.","family":"Chagas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasa","family":"Binkien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikas","family":"Ilg\u016bnas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatjana","family":"Iezhova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gediminas","family":"Valki\u016bnas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"3984_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3977","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2005.02555.x","volume":"14","author":"RN Sehgal","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sehgal RN, Jones HI, Smith TB. Molecular evidence for host specificity of parasitic nematode microfilariae in some African rainforest birds. Mol Ecol. 2005;14:3977\u201388.","journal-title":"Mol Ecol."},{"key":"3984_CR2","volume-title":"Avian malaria parasites and other haemosporidian","author":"G Valki\u016bnas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Valki\u016bnas G. Avian malaria parasites and other haemosporidian. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2005."},{"key":"3984_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-860R.1","volume":"92","author":"S Merino","year":"2006","unstructured":"Merino S, Mart\u00ednez J, Mart\u00ednez-de la Puente J, Criado-Fornelio A, Tom\u00e1s G, Morales J, et al. Molecular characterization of the 18S rDNA gene of an avian Hepatozoon reveals that it is closely related to Lankesterella. J Parasitol. 2006;92:1330\u20135.","journal-title":"J Parasitol."},{"key":"3984_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1009R.1","volume":"93","author":"J Merkel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Merkel J, Jones HI, Whiteman NK, Gottdenker N, Vargas H, Travis EK, et al. Microfilariae in Galapagos penguins (Spheniscus mendiculus) and flightless cormorants (Phalacrocorax harrisi): genetics, morphology, and prevalence. J Parasitol. 2007;93:495\u2013503.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"3984_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780813804620","volume-title":"Parasitic diseases of wild birds","author":"CT Atkinson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Atkinson CT, Thomas NJ, Hunter DB. Parasitic diseases of wild birds. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; 2008."},{"key":"3984_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2796.1","volume":"97","author":"G Valki\u016bnas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Valki\u016bnas G, Iezhova TA, Carlson JS, Sehgal RN. Two new Trypanosoma species from African birds, with notes on the taxonomy of avian trypanosomes. J Parasitol. 2011;97:924\u201330.","journal-title":"J Parasitol."},{"key":"3984_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182012002004","volume":"14","author":"A Biedrzycka","year":"2013","unstructured":"Biedrzycka A, Kloch A, Migalska M, Biela\u0144ski W. Molecular characterization of putative Hepatozoon sp. from the sedge warbler (Acrocephalus schoenobaenus). Parasitology. 2013;14:695\u20138.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"3984_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12578","volume":"85","author":"NJ Clark","year":"2016","unstructured":"Clark NJ, Wells K, Dimitrov D, Clegg SM. Co-infections and environmental conditions drive the distributions of blood parasites in wild birds. J Anim Ecol. 2016;85:1461\u201370.","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"key":"3984_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1515\/helm-2017-0007","volume":"54","author":"CRF Chagas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chagas CRF, Gonzalez IHL, Salgado PAB, Ontivero CRGR, Locosque P. Occurrence of endoparasites in Ramphastidae (Aves: Piciformes) in S\u00e3o Paulo Zoo. Helminthologia. 2017;54:81\u20136.","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"key":"3984_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06379-7","volume":"118","author":"P Pornpanom","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pornpanom P, Salakij C, Prasopsom P, Lertwatcharasarakul P, Kasorndorkbua C, Santavakul M. Morphological and molecular characterization of avian trypanosomes in raptors from Thailand. Parasitol Res. 2019;118:2419\u201329.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"3984_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-50","volume":"7","author":"PM Hayes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hayes PM, Lawton SP, Smit NJ, Gibson WC, Davies AJ. Morphological and molecular characterization of a marine fish trypanosome from South Africa, including its development in a leech vector. Parasites Vectors. 2014;7:50.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"3984_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-29612016049","volume":"25","author":"LL Corr\u00eaa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Corr\u00eaa LL, Oliveira MSB, Tavares-Dias M, Ceccarelli PS. Infections of Hypostomus spp. by Trypanosoma spp. and leeches: a study of hematology and record of these hirudineans as potential vectors of these hemoflagellates. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. 2016;25:299\u2013305.","journal-title":"Rev Bras Parasitol Vet"},{"key":"3984_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-44.2.464","volume":"44","author":"PL Stenberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stenberg PL, Bowerman WJ. Hemoparasites in Oregon spotted frogs (Rana pretiosa) from central Oregon, USA. J Wildl Dis. 2008;44:464\u20138.","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"3984_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2016.01.005","volume":"5","author":"XE Bernal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bernal XE, Pinto CM. Sexual differences in prevalence of a new species of trypanosome infecting tungara frogs. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. 2016;5:40\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl"},{"key":"3984_CR15","volume-title":"Hemoparasites of the Reptilia: color atlas and text","author":"SR Telford","year":"2009","unstructured":"Telford SR. Hemoparasites of the Reptilia: color atlas and text. Florida: CRC Press; 2009."},{"key":"3984_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470377000","volume-title":"Parasitic diseases of wild mammals","author":"WM Samuel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Samuel WM, Pybus MJ, Kocan AA. Parasitic diseases of wild mammals. London: Manson Publishing; 2001."},{"key":"3984_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2002)088[0153:PDUTPO]2.0.CO;2","volume":"88","author":"SI Jarvi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jarvi SI, Schultz JJ, Atkinson CT. PCR diagnostics underestimate the prevalence of avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) in experimentally-infected passerines. J Parasitol. 2002;88:153\u20138.","journal-title":"J Parasitol."},{"key":"3984_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1642\/0078-6594(2006)60[98:AHISAA]2.0.CO;2","volume":"60","author":"KL Durrant","year":"2016","unstructured":"Durrant KL, Beadell JS, Ishtiaq F, Graves GR, Olson SL, Gering E, et al. Avian haematozoa in South America: a comparison of temperate and tropical zones. Ornithol Monogr. 2016;60:98\u2013111.","journal-title":"Ornithol Monogr."},{"key":"3984_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1570.1","volume":"94","author":"G Valki\u016bnas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Valki\u016bnas G, Iezhova TA, Kri\u017eanauskien\u0117 A, Palinauskas V, Sehgal RN, Bensch S. A comparative analysis of microscopy and PCR-based detection methods for blood parasites. J Parasitol. 2008;94:1395\u2013401.","journal-title":"J Parasitol."},{"key":"3984_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-010-0029-z","volume":"55","author":"D Dimitrov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dimitrov D, Zehtindjiev P, Bensch S. Genetic diversity of avian blood parasites in SE Europe: cytochrome b lineages of the genera Plasmodium and Haemoproteus (Haemosporida) from Bulgaria. Acta Parasitol. 2010;55:201.","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"3984_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-47.1.126","volume":"47","author":"SS Godfrey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Godfrey SS, Nelson NJ, Bull CM. Ecology and dynamics of the blood parasite, Hepatozoon tuatarae (Apicomplexa), in tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) on Stephens Island, New Zealand. J Wildl Dis. 2011;47:126\u201339.","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis."},{"key":"3984_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182015000414","volume":"142","author":"JM Neto","year":"2015","unstructured":"Neto JM, P\u00e9rez-Rodr\u00edguez A, Haase M, Flade M, Bensch S. Prevalence and diversity of Plasmodium and Haemoproteus parasites in the globally-threatened aquatic warbler Acrocephalus paludicola. Parasitology. 2015;142:1183\u20139.","journal-title":"Parasitology."},{"key":"3984_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1729-8","volume":"16","author":"CR Chagas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chagas CR, Valki\u016bnas G, de Oliveira Guimar\u00e3es L, Monteiro EF, Guida FJ, Sim\u00f5es RF, et al. Diversity and distribution of avian malaria and related haemosporidian parasites in captive birds from a Brazilian megalopolis. Malar J. 2017;16:83.","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"3984_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.7589\/2016-03-056","volume":"53","author":"KL Kauffman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kauffman KL, Sparkman A, Bronikowski AM, Palacios MG. Vertical transmission of Hepatozoon in the garter snake Thamnophis elegans. J Wildl Dis. 2017;53:121\u20135.","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis."},{"key":"3984_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1163\/15685381-20191113","volume":"40","author":"PR Calil","year":"2019","unstructured":"Calil PR, Puorto G, Dunn JC, Chagas CRF, Ramos PL. Molecular and morphological characterization of Hepatozoon spp. in Brazilian snakes. Amphibia-Reptilia. 2019;40:337\u201347.","journal-title":"Amphibia-Reptilia"},{"key":"3984_CR26","first-page":"e902687","volume":"90","author":"LJ Garc\u00eda-Marquez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Marquez LJ, Rodr\u00edguez-V\u00e1zquez A, Le\u00f3n- R\u00e8gagnon V, Osorio-Sarabia D, Garc\u00eda-Preito L. Parasites of Boa constrictor (Squamata: Boidae) captive in Colima, Mexico and their pathological effects. Rev Mex Biodivers. 2019;90:e902687.","journal-title":"Rev Mex Biodivers"},{"key":"3984_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2019.02.004","volume":"8","author":"MS Rodrigues","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rodrigues MS, Lima L, Xavier SCDC, Herrera HM, Rocha FL, Roque ALR, et al. Uncovering Trypanosoma spp. diversity of wild mammals by the use of DNA from blood clots. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. 2019;8:171\u201381.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl"},{"key":"3984_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.11.022","volume":"68","author":"SP Rosskopf","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rosskopf SP, Held J, Gmeiner M, Mordm\u00fcller B, Matsi\u00e9gui PB, Eckerle I, et al. Nycteria and Polychromophilus parasite infections of bats in Central Gabon. Infect Genet Evol. 2019;68:30\u20134.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"3984_CR29","first-page":"100286","volume":"16","author":"AKM Teodoro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Teodoro AKM, Cutolo AA, Motoie G, Meira-Strejevitch CDS, Pereira-Chioccola VL, Mendes TMF, et al. Gastrointestinal, skin and blood parasites in Didelphis spp. from urban and sylvatic areas in S\u00e3o Paulo state, Brazil. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep. 2016;16:100286.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep"},{"key":"3984_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2016.01.009","volume":"163","author":"R Bernotien\u0117","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bernotien\u0117 R, Palinauskas V, Iezhova T, Murauskait\u0117 D, Valki\u016bnas G. Avian haemosporidian parasites (Haemosporida): a comparative analysis of different polymerase chain reaction assays in detection of mixed infections. Exp Parasitol. 2016;163:31\u20137.","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"3984_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2019.05.002","volume":"9","author":"IA Lotta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lotta IA, Valki\u016bnas G, Pacheco MA, Escalante AA, Hern\u00e1ndez SR, Matta NE. Disentangling Leucocytozoon parasite diversity in the neotropics: descriptions of two new species and shortcomings of molecular diagnostics for leucocytozoids. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. 2019;9:159\u201373.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl"},{"key":"3984_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3547RN.1","volume":"92","author":"G Valki\u016bnas","year":"2006","unstructured":"Valki\u016bnas G, Bensch S, Iezhova TA, Kri\u017eanauskien\u0117 A, Hellgren O, Bolshakov CV. Nested cytochrome b polymerase chain reaction diagnostics underestimate mixed infections of avian blood haemosporidian parasites: microscopy is still essential. J Parasitol. 2006;92:418\u201322.","journal-title":"J Parasitol."},{"key":"3984_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009006118","volume":"136","author":"J Mart\u00ednez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez J, Mart\u00ednez-de La Puente J, Herrero J, Del Cerro S, Lobato E, Rivero-de Aguilar J, et al. A restriction site to differentiate Plasmodium and Haemoproteus infections in birds: on the inefficiency of general primers for detection of mixed infections. Parasitology. 2009;136:713\u201322.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"3984_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-286","volume":"7","author":"D Santiago-Alarcon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Santiago-Alarcon D, Rodr\u00edguez-Ferraro A, Parker PG, Ricklefs RE. Different meal, same flavor: cospeciation and host switching of haemosporidian parasites in some non-passerine birds. Parasites Vectors. 2014;7:286.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors."},{"key":"3984_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.02.025","volume":"159","author":"JS Mantilla","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mantilla JS, Gonz\u00e1lez AD, Lotta IA, Moens M, Pacheco MA, Escalante AA, et al. Haemoproteus erythrogravidus n. sp. (Haemosporida, Haemoproteidae): description and molecular characterization of a widespread blood parasites of birds in South America. Acta Trop. 2016;159:83\u201394.","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"3984_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018001373","volume":"146","author":"D Bukauskait\u0117","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bukauskait\u0117 D, Iezhova TA, Ilg\u016bnas M, Valki\u016bnas G. High susceptibility of the laboratory-reared biting midges Culicoides nubeculosus to Haemoproteus infections, with review on Culicoides species that transmit avian haemoproteids. Parasitology. 2018;146:333\u201341.","journal-title":"Parasitology."},{"key":"3984_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2940-6","volume":"18","author":"J Harl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harl J, Himmel T, Valki\u016bnas G, Weissenb\u00f6ck H. The nuclear 18S ribosomal DNAs of avian haemosporidian parasites. Malar J. 2019;18:305.","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"3984_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7741","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.5356","volume":"9","author":"MB Humphries","year":"2019","unstructured":"Humphries MB, Stacy MT, Ricklefs RE. Population structure of avian malaria parasites. Ecol Evol. 2019;9:7741\u201351.","journal-title":"Ecol Evol."},{"key":"3984_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2016.1237014","volume":"46","author":"YL Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang YL, Tsai SS, Thongchan D, Khatri-Chhetri R, Wu HY. Filarial nematode infection in eclectus parrots (Eclectus roratus) in Taiwan. Avian Pathol. 2017;46:188\u201394.","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"3984_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2012.12.003","volume":"133","author":"V Palinauskas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Palinauskas V, Kri\u017eanauskien\u0117 A, Iezhova TA, Bolshakov CV, J\u00f6nsson J, Bensch S, et al. A new method for isolation of purified genomic DNA from haemosporidian parasites inhabiting nucleated red blood cells. Exp Parasitol. 2013;133:275\u201380.","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol."},{"key":"3984_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3226.1","volume":"99","author":"G Valki\u016bnas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Valki\u016bnas G, Palinauskas V, Kri\u017eanauskien\u0117 A, Bernotien\u0117 R, Kazlauskien\u0117 R, Iezhova TA. Further observations on in vitro hybridization of hemosporidian parasites: patterns of ookinete development in Haemoproteus spp. J Parasitol. 2013;99:124\u201336.","journal-title":"J Parasitol."},{"key":"3984_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3109-9","volume":"11","author":"CRF Chagas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chagas CRF, Bukauskait\u0117 D, Ilg\u016bnas M, Iezhova T, Valki\u016bnas G. A new blood parasite of leaf warblers: molecular characterization, phylogenetic relationships, description and identification of vectors. Parasites Vectors. 2018;11:538.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors."},{"key":"3984_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-6155-5","volume":"118","author":"PA Taunde","year":"2019","unstructured":"Taunde PA, Bianchi MV, Perles L, da Silva FS, Guim TN, Stadler RA, et al. Pathological and molecular characterization of avian malaria in captive Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) in South America. Parasitol Res. 2019;118:599\u2013606.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res."},{"key":"3984_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3773-4","volume":"12","author":"M Ilg\u016bnas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ilg\u016bnas M, Chagas CRF, Bukauskait\u0117 D, Bernotien\u0117 R, Iezhova T, Valki\u016bnas G. The life-cycle of the avian haemosporidian parasite Haemoproteus majoris, with emphasis on the exoerythrocytic and sporogonic development. Parasites Vectors. 2019;12:516.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors."},{"key":"3984_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(39)90101-X","volume":"33","author":"J Knott","year":"1939","unstructured":"Knott J. A method for making microfilarial surveys on day blood. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1939;33:191\u20136.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"3984_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1177\/004947559402400204","volume":"24","author":"JW Bailey","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bailey JW, Smith DH. The quantitative buffy coat for the diagnosis of trypanosomes. Trop Dr. 1994;24:54\u20136.","journal-title":"Trop Dr"},{"key":"3984_CR47","first-page":"35","volume":"3","author":"B Bouteille","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bouteille B, Buguet A. The detection and treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. Res Rep Trop Med. 2012;3:35\u201345.","journal-title":"Res Rep Trop Med."},{"key":"3984_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2954","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002954","volume":"8","author":"DM Ngoyi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ngoyi DM, Ekangu RA, Kodi MFM, Pyana PP, Balharbi F, Decq M, et al. Performance of parasitological and molecular techniques for the diagnosis and surveillance of gambiense sleeping sickness. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8:e2954.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"3984_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.2307\/3274849","volume":"42","author":"W Newton","year":"1956","unstructured":"Newton W, Wright W. The occurrence of a dog filariid other than Dirofilaria immitis in the United States. J Parasitol. 1956;42:246\u201358.","journal-title":"J Parasitol."},{"key":"3984_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050389","volume":"4","author":"LC Wang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wang LC. Evaluation of quantitative buffy coat analysis in the detection of canine Dirofilaria immitis infection: a model to determine its effectiveness in the diagnosis of human filariasis. Parasitol Res. 1998;4:246\u20138.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res."},{"key":"3984_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1079\/JOH2003210","volume":"78","author":"ME Mylonakis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mylonakis ME, Papadopoulos E, Koutinas AF, Paitaki C, Leontides L. Comparative methodology for the detection and differentiation of circulating microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis in the dog. J Helminthol. 2004;78:137\u201340.","journal-title":"J Helminthol."},{"key":"3984_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12321","volume":"45","author":"R Marcos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marcos R, Pereira C, Santos M, Luzzago C, Lauzi S, Maia JP, et al. Buffy coat smear or Knott\u2019s test: which to choose for canine microfilaria screening in field studies? Vet Clin Pathol. 2016;45:201\u20135.","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"3984_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2816","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.31.10.2816-2818.1993","volume":"31","author":"AR Mattia","year":"1993","unstructured":"Mattia AR, Waldron MA, Sierra LS. Use of the quantitative buffy coat system for detection of parasitemia in patients with babesiosis. J Clin Microbiol. 1993;31:2816\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"3984_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2007.06.007","volume":"56","author":"GO Adeoye","year":"2007","unstructured":"Adeoye GO, Nga IC. Comparison of quantitative buffy coat technique (QBC) with Giemsa-stained thick film (GTF) for diagnosis of malaria. Parasitol Int. 2007;56:308\u201312.","journal-title":"Parasitol Int."},{"key":"3984_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/194651","author":"MM Kocharekar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kocharekar MM, Sarkar SS, Dasgupta D. Comparative study of modified quantitative buffy coat and two rapid tests in comparison with peripheral blood smear in malaria diagnosis in Mumbai, India. J Parasitol Res. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/194651.","journal-title":"J Parasitol Res."},{"key":"3984_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.21010\/ajid.v11i2.5","volume":"11","author":"IK Ifeorah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ifeorah IK, Brown BJ, Sodeinde OO. A comparison of rapid diagnostic testing (by Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase), and quantitative buffy coat technique in malaria diagnosis in children. Afr J Infect Dis. 2017;11:31\u20138.","journal-title":"Afr J Infect Dis."},{"key":"3984_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.05.010","volume":"26","author":"E Charpentier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Charpentier E, Benichou E, Pag\u00e8s A, Chauvin P, Fillaux J, Valentin A, et al. Performance evaluation of different strategies based on microscopy techniques, rapid diagnostic test and molecular loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the diagnosis of imported malaria. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26:115\u201321.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"3984_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1139\/z62-014","volume":"40","author":"GF Bennett","year":"1962","unstructured":"Bennett GF. The haematocrit for laboratory diagnosis of hematozoa. Can J Zool. 1962;40:124\u20135.","journal-title":"Can J Zool."},{"key":"3984_CR59","first-page":"104","volume":"121","author":"WS Seegar","year":"1978","unstructured":"Seegar WS. Comparison of four blood survey techniques for detecting microfilariae in avian blood. Int J Avian Sci. 1978;121:104\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Avian Sci"},{"key":"3984_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2012.11.005","volume":"2","author":"GL Hamer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hamer GL, Anderson TK, Berry GE, Makohon-Moore AP, Crafton JC, Brawn JD, et al. Prevalence of filarioid nematodes and trypanosomes in American robins and house sparrows, Chicago USA. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. 2012;2:42\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl"},{"key":"3984_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2989\/00306525.2018.1539418","volume":"90","author":"AF Atawal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Atawal AF, Mgbeahuruike AC, Hammers M. Microfilarial infections associated with body mass loss of village weavers Ploceus cucullatus. Ostrich. 2019;90:41\u20134.","journal-title":"Ostrich"},{"key":"3984_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3832-x","volume":"12","author":"D Bukauskait\u0117","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bukauskait\u0117 D, Chagas CRF, Bernotien\u0117 R, \u017diegyt\u0117 R, Ilg\u016bnas M, Iezhova T, et al. A new methodology for sporogony research of avian haemoproteids in laboratory-reared Culicoides spp., with description of complete sporogonic development of Haemoproteus pastoris. Parasites Vectors. 2019;12:582.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"3984_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2006.00180.x","volume":"96","author":"AK Akobeng","year":"2007","unstructured":"Akobeng AK. Understanding diagnostic tests 1: sensitivity, specificity and predictive values. Acta Paediatr. 2007;96:338\u201341.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"3984_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","volume":"33","author":"JR Landis","year":"1977","unstructured":"Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics. 1977;33:159\u201374.","journal-title":"Biometrics."},{"key":"3984_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1973.11686880","volume":"67","author":"DH Molyneux","year":"1973","unstructured":"Molyneux DH. Trypanosoma everetti sp. nov. A trypanosome from the black-rumped waxbill Estrilda t. troglodytes Lichtenstein. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1973;67:219\u201322.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"3984_CR66","first-page":"205","volume":"42","author":"P Shurulinkov","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shurulinkov P, Golemansky V. Plasmodium and Leucocytozoon (Sporozoa: Haemosporida) of wild birds in Bulgaria. Acta Protozool. 2003;42:205\u201314.","journal-title":"Acta Protozool."},{"key":"3984_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2014.01.004","volume":"44","author":"NJ Clark","year":"2014","unstructured":"Clark NJ, Clegg SM, Lima MR. A review of global diversity in avian haemosporidians (Plasmodium and Haemoproteus: Haemosporida): new insights from molecular data. Int J Parasitol. 2014;44:329\u201338.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol."},{"key":"3984_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016002274","volume":"144","author":"JC Dunn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dunn JC, Stockdale JE, Bradford EL, McCubbin A, Morris AJ, Grice PV, et al. High rates of infection by blood parasites during the nestling phase in UK columbids with notes on ecological associations. Parasitology. 2017;144:622\u20138.","journal-title":"Parasitology."},{"key":"3984_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6259","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6259","volume":"6","author":"YR Schumm","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schumm YR, Wecker C, Marek C, Wassmuth M, Bentele A, Willems H, et al. Blood parasites in Passeriformes in central Germany: prevalence and lineage diversity of Haemosporida (Haemoproteus, Plasmodium and Leucocytozoon) in six common songbirds. PeerJ. 2019;6:e6259.","journal-title":"PeerJ."},{"key":"3984_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-018-2327-0","volume":"41","author":"J Mart\u00ednez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez J, Merino S, Bad\u00e1s EP, Almaz\u00e1n L, Moksnes A, Barbosa A. Hemoparasites and immunological parameters in Snow Bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis) nestlings. Polar Biol. 2018;41:1855\u201366.","journal-title":"Polar Biol."},{"key":"3984_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90412-6","volume":"86","author":"JK Baird","year":"1992","unstructured":"Baird JK, Purnomo P, Jones TR. Diagnosis of malaria in the field by fluorescence microscopy of QBC capillary tubes. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1992;86:3\u20135.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"3984_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(94)90408-1","volume":"88","author":"E Petersen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Petersen E, Marbiah NT. QBC and thick blood films for malaria diagnosis under field conditions. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1994;88:416\u20137.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"3984_CR73","first-page":"386","volume":"2","author":"KA Vaidya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vaidya KA, Sukesh K. Quantitative buffy coat (QBC) test and other diagnostic techniques for diagnosing malaria: review of literature. Natl J Med Res. 2012;2:386\u20138.","journal-title":"Natl J Med Res."},{"key":"3984_CR74","first-page":"266","volume":"35","author":"A Benito","year":"1994","unstructured":"Benito A, Roche J, Molina R, Amela C, Alvar J. Application and evaluation of QBC malaria diagnosis in a holoendemic area. Appl Parasitol. 1994;35:266\u201372.","journal-title":"Appl Parasitol."},{"key":"3984_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20180505","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0505-2018","volume":"52","author":"M Vera-Ku","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vera-Ku M, Meza-Gonz\u00e1lez G, Carlier Y, Truyens C, Gamboa-Le\u00f3n R. Comparison of methodologies for detecting Trypanosoma cruzi parasites by microscopic observation of microhematocrit capillary tubes. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2019;52:e20180505.","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop."},{"key":"3984_CR76","first-page":"298","volume":"28","author":"PT Woo","year":"1971","unstructured":"Woo PT. Evaluation of the haematocrit centrifuge and other techniques for the field diagnosis of human trypanosomiasis and filariasis. Acta Trop. 1971;28:298\u2013303.","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"3984_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2001)087[1140:EOIFCT]2.0.CO;2","volume":"87","author":"SM Njenga","year":"2001","unstructured":"Njenga SM, Wamae CN. Evaluation of ICT filariasis card test using whole capillary blood: comparison with Knott\u2019s concentration and counting chamber methods. J Parasitol. 2001;87:1140\u20133.","journal-title":"J Parasitol."},{"key":"3984_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762002000500003","volume":"97","author":"HA Ruiz-Pi\u00f1a","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ruiz-Pi\u00f1a HA, Cruz-Reyes A. The opossum Didelphis virginiana as a synanthropic reservoir of Trypanosoma cruzi in Dzidzilch\u00e9, Yucat\u00e1n, M\u00e9xico. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2002;97:613\u201320.","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"3984_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2012.02.003","volume":"14","author":"G Simo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Simo G, Njitchouang GR, Njiokou F, Cuny G, Asonganyi T. Genetic characterization of Trypanosoma brucei circulating in domestic animals of the Fontem sleeping sickness of Cameroon. Microbes Infect. 2012;14:651\u20138.","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"3984_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.12.005","volume":"35","author":"E Videvall","year":"2019","unstructured":"Videvall E. Genomic advances in avian malaria research. Trends Parasitol. 2019;35:254\u201366.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"3984_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.3666.3.7","volume":"3666","author":"D Dimitrov","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dimitrov D, Valki\u016bnas G, Zehtindjiev P, Ilieva M, Bensch S. Molecular characterization of haemosporidian parasites (Haemosporida) in yellow wagtail (Motacilla flava), with description of in vitro ookinetes of Haemoproteus motacillae. Zootaxa. 2013;3666:369\u201381.","journal-title":"Zootaxa."},{"key":"3984_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2015.08.003","volume":"157","author":"AA Coral","year":"2015","unstructured":"Coral AA, Valki\u016bnas G, Gonz\u00e1lez AD, Matta NE. In vitro development of Haemoproteus columbae (Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae), with perspectives for genomic studies of avian haemosporidian parasites. Exp Parasitol. 2015;157:163\u20139.","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol."},{"key":"3984_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3679-1","volume":"12","author":"CRF Chagas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chagas CRF, Bukauskait\u0117 D, Ilg\u016bnas M, Bernotien\u0117 R, Iezhova T, Valki\u016bnas G. Sporogony of four Haemoproteus species (Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae), with report of in vitro ookinetes of Haemoproteus hirundinis: phylogenetic inference indicates patterns of haemosporidian parasite ookinete development. Parasites Vectors. 2019;12:422.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors."},{"key":"3984_CR84","first-page":"132","volume":"2","author":"B Gurung","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gurung B, Bairy I, Jagadishchandra J, Manohar C. Evaluation of falcivax against quantitative buffy coat (QBC) for the diagnosis of malaria. Int J Coll Res Inter Med Public Health. 2010;2:132\u201340.","journal-title":"Int J Coll Res Inter Med Public Health"},{"key":"3984_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.4103\/0377-4929.40419","volume":"51","author":"P Bhandari","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bhandari P, Raghuveer C, Rajeev A, Bhandari P. Comparative study of peripheral blood smear, quantitative buffy coat and modified centrifuged blood smear in malaria diagnosis. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2008;51:108\u201312.","journal-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol"},{"key":"3984_CR86","first-page":"256","volume":"9","author":"LA Salako","year":"1999","unstructured":"Salako LA, Akinyanju O, Afolabi BM. Comparison of the standard Giemsa-stained thick blood smear with the quantitative buffy coat technique in malaria diagnosis in Nigeria. Niger Q J Hosp Med. 1999;9:256\u201369.","journal-title":"Niger Q J Hosp Med"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-020-3984-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-020-3984-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-020-3984-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T18:36:47Z","timestamp":1695839807000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-020-3984-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3984"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-020-3984-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 December 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 February 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was performed by licenced researchers. None of the birds suffered apparent injury during sampling, and all birds were released after sampling. The procedures were approved by the Environmental Protection Agency, Vilnius, Lithuania (permit number 2019-04-19 Nr. 23).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"104"}}