{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T19:56:53Z","timestamp":1793735813207,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611014400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"School of Advanced Studies University of Camerino"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010739","name":"University of Camerino","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Internationalization grants University of Camerino"},{"name":"Public Health Laboratory Ivo de Carneri"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Soil-transmitted helminthiases are important neglected tropical diseases that result in a notably high number of disability-adjusted life years worldwide. Characterizing the interactions between the human intestinal microbiome and helminths is of interest in the development of alternative treatments that do not rely on chemotherapeutics and do not lead to drug resistance.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We recruited and obtained fecal samples from 32 pairs of mothers and children on Pemba Island and monitored their intestinal microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We observed that microbial changes occur in the gut microbiota of infected mothers and children. Some short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria and carbohydrate-degrading bacteria exhibited lower abundance in the infected individuals. Potentially pathogenic <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> and proinflammatory <jats:italic>Methanobrevibacter<\/jats:italic> in infected mothers and opportunistic <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic> in infected children exhibited greater abundance.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our findings could reveal the microbiota profiling in <jats:italic>T. trichiura<\/jats:italic>-infected individuals, indicate the potential roles of key microbiota in the host and aid to the development of novel strategies to control <jats:italic>T. trichiura<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04580-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T12:02:46Z","timestamp":1611057766000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Dissection of the gut microbiota in mothers and children with chronic Trichuris trichiura infection in Pemba Island, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hongliang","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Mozzicafreddo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Pierella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Carletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Piersanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Said M.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaali M.","family":"Ame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunfeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Miceli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"4580_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006458","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006458","volume":"12","author":"MS Palmeirim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Palmeirim MS, Hurlimann E, Knopp S, Speich B. Efficacy and safety of co-administered ivermectin plus albendazole for treating soil-transmitted helminths: a systematic review, meta-analysis and individual patient data analysis. Plos Neglected Trop Dis. 2018;12(4):e0006458.","journal-title":"Plos Neglected Trop Dis"},{"issue":"9943","key":"4580_CR2","first-page":"582","volume":"384","author":"CJL Murray","year":"2012","unstructured":"Murray CJL, Vos T, Lozano R. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990\u20132010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;384(9943):582\u2013582.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4580_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2017.05.002","volume":"98","author":"K Owada","year":"2017","unstructured":"Owada K, Nielsen M, Lau CL, Clements ACA, Yakob L, et al. Measuring the effect of soil-transmitted helminth infections on cognitive function in children: systematic review and critical appraisal of evidence. Adv Parasitol. 2017;98:1\u201337.","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"issue":"10117","key":"4580_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31930-X","volume":"391","author":"PM Jourdan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jourdan PM, Lamberton PHL, Fenwick A, Addiss DG. Soil-transmitted helminth infections. Lancet. 2018;391(10117):252\u201365.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"9","key":"4580_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2018.06.002","volume":"39","author":"A Rapin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rapin A, Harris NL. Helminth-bacterial interactions: cause and consequence. Trends Immunol. 2018;39(9):724\u201333.","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4580_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00774.x","volume":"6","author":"S Geerts","year":"2001","unstructured":"Geerts S, Gryseels B. Anthelmintic resistance in human helminths: a review. Tropical Med Int Health. 2001;6(11):915\u201321.","journal-title":"Tropical Med Int Health"},{"key":"4580_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1135-4","volume":"8","author":"JE Truscott","year":"2015","unstructured":"Truscott JE, Turner HC, Anderson RM. What impact will the achievement of the current World Health Organisation targets for anthelmintic treatment coverage in children have on the intensity of soil transmitted helminth infections? Parasites Vectors. 2015;8:551.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors."},{"issue":"6","key":"4580_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2005.04.008","volume":"26","author":"D Kelly","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kelly D, Conway S, Aminov R. Commensal gut bacteria: mechanisms of immune modulation. Trends Immunol. 2005;26(6):326\u201333.","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"issue":"5717","key":"4580_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1104816","volume":"307","author":"F Backhed","year":"2005","unstructured":"Backhed F, Ley RE, Sonnenburg JL, Peterson DA, Gordon JI. Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine. Science. 2005;307(5717):1915\u201320.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"4580_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652014000200003","volume":"56","author":"TC Oliveira-Sequeira","year":"2014","unstructured":"Oliveira-Sequeira TC, David EB, Ribeiro C, Guimaraes S, Masseno AP, et al. Effect of Bifidobacterium animalis on mice infected with Strongyloides venezuelensis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2014;56(2):105\u20139.","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"issue":"4","key":"4580_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.32155","volume":"5","author":"LA Reynolds","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reynolds LA, Smith KA, Filbey KJ, Harcus Y, Hewitson JP, et al. Commensal-pathogen interactions in the intestinal tract: lactobacilli promote infection with, and are promoted by, helminth parasites. Gut Microbes. 2014;5(4):522\u201332.","journal-title":"Gut Microbes."},{"issue":"1","key":"4580_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2015.08.007","volume":"46","author":"HY Jiang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jiang HY, Zhao N, Zhang QL, Gao JM, Liu LL, et al. Intestinal microbes influence the survival, reproduction and protein profile of Trichinella spiralis in vitro. Int J Parasitol. 2016;46(1):51\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4580_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00047-13","volume":"20","author":"J McClemens","year":"2013","unstructured":"McClemens J, Kim JJ, Wang HQ, Mao YK, Collins M, et al. Lactobacillus rhamnosus ingestion promotes innate host defense in an enteric parasitic infection. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2013;20(6):818\u201326.","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4580_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2880","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002880","volume":"8","author":"SC Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee SC, Tang MS, Lim YAL, Choy SH, Kurtz ZD, et al. Helminth colonization is associated with increased diversity of the gut microbiota. PLoS Neglected Trop Dis. 2014;8(5):e2880.","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"4580_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15651","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33937-3","volume":"8","author":"TP Jenkins","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jenkins TP, Formenti F, Castro C, Piubelli C, Perandin F, et al. A comprehensive analysis of the faecal microbiome and metabolome of Strongyloides stercoralis infected volunteers from a non-endemic area. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):15651.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4580_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13797","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13797","volume":"5","author":"P Giacomin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giacomin P, Zakrzewski M, Croese J, Su X, Sotillo J, et al. Experimental hookworm infection and escalating gluten challenges are associated with increased microbial richness in celiac subjects. Sci Rep. 2015;5:13797.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4580_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36797","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36797","volume":"6","author":"P Giacomin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Giacomin P, Zakrzewski M, Jenkins TP, Su X, Al-Hallaf R, et al. Changes in duodenal tissue-associated microbiota following hookworm infection and consecutive gluten challenges in humans with coeliac disease. Sci Rep. 2016;6:36797.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"4580_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.04.004","volume":"33","author":"LE Peachey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peachey LE, Jenkins TP, Cantacessi C. This gut ain\u2019t big enough for both of us. Or Is It? Helminth-microbiota interactions in veterinary species. Trends Parasitol. 2017;33(8):619\u201332.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"issue":"5","key":"4580_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.09.012","volume":"43","author":"MM Zaiss","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zaiss MM, Rapin A, Lebon L, Dubey LK, Mosconi I, et al. The intestinal microbiota contributes to the ability of helminths to modulate allergic inflammation. Immunity. 2015;43(5):998\u20131010.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"1675","key":"4580_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20140296","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0296","volume":"370","author":"P Giacomin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giacomin P, Croese J, Krause L, Loukas A, Cantacessi C. Suppression of inflammation by helminths: a role for the gut microbiota? Philos Trans R Soc London Series B Biol Sci. 2015;370(1675):20140296.","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc London Series B Biol Sci."},{"key":"4580_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4178986","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4178986","volume":"2018","author":"AA Reda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reda AA. Probiotics for the control of helminth zoonosis. J Veterinary Med. 2018;2018:4178986.","journal-title":"J Veterinary Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"4580_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2017.067","volume":"12","author":"G Cringoli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cringoli G, Maurelli MP, Levecke B, Bosco A, Vercruysse J, et al. The Mini-FLOTAC technique for the diagnosis of helminth and protozoan infections in humans and animals. Nat Protoc. 2017;12(9):1723\u201332.","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"4580_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-220","volume":"6","author":"B Barda","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barda B, Zepherine H, Rinaldi L, Cringoli G, Burioni R, et al. Mini-FLOTAC and Kato-Katz: helminth eggs watching on the shore of Lake Victoria. Parasites Vectors. 2013;6(1):220.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors."},{"issue":"10","key":"4580_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2011.41","volume":"5","author":"DPR Herlemann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Herlemann DPR, Labrenz M, Jurgens K, Bertilsson S, Waniek JJ, et al. Transitions in bacterial communities along the 2000 km salinity gradient of the Baltic Sea. ISME J. 2011;5(10):1571\u20139.","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"issue":"1","key":"4580_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.14806\/ej.17.1.200","volume":"17","author":"M Martin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Martin M. Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. EMBnet J. 2011;17(1):10\u20132.","journal-title":"EMBnet J"},{"issue":"8","key":"4580_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","volume":"37","author":"E Bolyen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bolyen E, Rideout JR, Dillon MR, Bokulich NA, Abnet CC, et al. Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2. Nat Biotechnol. 2019;37(8):852\u20137.","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4580_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R60","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60","volume":"12","author":"N Segata","year":"2011","unstructured":"Segata N, Izard J, Waldron L, Gevers D, Miropolsky L, et al. Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation. Genome Biol. 2011;12(6):R60.","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4580_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0548-6","volume":"38","author":"GM Douglas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Douglas GM, Maffei VJ, Zaneveld JR, Yurgel SN, Brown JR, et al. PICRUSt2 for prediction of metagenome functions. Nat Biotechnol. 2020;38(6):685\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4580_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2006.00926.x","volume":"9","author":"MJ Anderson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Anderson MJ, Ellingsen KE, Mcardle BH. Multivariate dispersion as a measure of beta diversity. Ecol Lett. 2010;9(6):683\u201393.","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"issue":"9","key":"4580_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0184719","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184719","volume":"12","author":"TP Jenkins","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jenkins TP, Rathnayaka Y, Perera PK, Peachey LE, Nolan MJ, et al. Infections by human gastrointestinal helminths are associated with changes in faecal microbiota diversity and composition. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(9):e0184719.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"10","key":"4580_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e76573","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076573","volume":"8","author":"P Cooper","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cooper P, Walker AW, Reyes J, Chico M, Salter SJ, et al. Patent human infections with the whipworm, Trichuris trichiura, are not associated with alterations in the faecal microbiota. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(10):e76573.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"11","key":"4580_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118201900088X","volume":"146","author":"A Cort\u00e9s","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cort\u00e9s A, Peachey LE, Jenkins TP, Scotti R, Cantacessi C. Helminths and microbes within the vertebrate gut\u2014not all studies are created equal. Parasitology. 2019;146(11):1371\u20138.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"4580_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00785","volume":"10","author":"D Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang D, Liu H, Wang S, Zhang W, Wang J, et al. Fecal microbiota and its correlation with fatty acids and free amino acids metabolism in piglets after a Lactobacillus strain oral administration. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:785.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4580_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3760","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05767-4","volume":"9","author":"A Kindt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kindt A, Liebisch G, Clavel T, Haller D, Hormannsperger G, et al. The gut microbiota promotes hepatic fatty acid desaturation and elongation in mice. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):3760.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"4580_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3654","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4654","volume":"5","author":"SL Schnorr","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schnorr SL, Candela M, Rampelli S, Centanni M, Consolandi C, et al. Gut microbiome of the Hadza hunter-gatherers. Nat Commun. 2014;5:3654.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"4580_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6505","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7505","volume":"6","author":"AJ Obregon-Tito","year":"2015","unstructured":"Obregon-Tito AJ, Tito RY, Metcalf J, Sankaranarayanan K, Clemente JC, et al. Subsistence strategies in traditional societies distinguish gut microbiomes. Nat Commun. 2015;6:6505.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"4580_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.me.40.020189.001413","volume":"40","author":"TL Cover","year":"1989","unstructured":"Cover TL, Blaser MJ. The pathobiology of Campylobacter infections in humans. Annu Rev Med. 1989;40:269\u201385.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4580_CR38","first-page":"E79","volume":"58","author":"A Facciola","year":"2017","unstructured":"Facciola A, Riso R, Avventuroso E, Visalli G, Delia SA, et al. Campylobacter: from microbiology to prevention. J Preventive Med Hygiene. 2017;58(2):E79\u201392.","journal-title":"J Preventive Med Hygiene."},{"issue":"12","key":"4580_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2019.08.001","volume":"27","author":"M Derrien","year":"2019","unstructured":"Derrien M, Alvarez AS, de Vos WM. The gut microbiota in the first decade of life. Trends Microbiol. 2019;27(12):997\u20131010.","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"4580_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02873-0","volume":"54","author":"M Derrien","year":"2004","unstructured":"Derrien M, Vaughan EE, Plugge CM, de Vos WM. Akkermansia muciniphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a human intestinal mucin-degrading bacterium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2004;54(Pt 5):1469\u201376.","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4580_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003000","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003000","volume":"8","author":"MJ Broadhurst","year":"2012","unstructured":"Broadhurst MJ, Ardeshir A, Kanwar B, Mirpuri J, Gundra UM, et al. Therapeutic helminth infection of macaques with idiopathic chronic diarrhea alters the inflammatory signature and mucosal microbiota of the colon. Plos Pathog. 2012;8(11):e1003000.","journal-title":"Plos Pathog."},{"issue":"5","key":"4580_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01226-07","volume":"74","author":"M Derrien","year":"2008","unstructured":"Derrien M, Collado MC, Ben-Amor K, Salminen S, de Vos WM. The mucin degrader Akkermansia muciniphila is an abundant resident of the human intestinal tract. Appl Environ Microb. 2008;74(5):1646\u20138.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microb."},{"issue":"9","key":"4580_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9091021","volume":"9","author":"P Markowiak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Markowiak P, Slizewska K. Effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on human health. Nutrients. 2017;9(9):1021.","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"issue":"1","key":"4580_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2009.0012","volume":"1","author":"LM Dicks","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dicks LM, Botes M. Probiotic lactic acid bacteria in the gastro-intestinal tract: health benefits, safety and mode of action. Beneficial Microbes. 2010;1(1):11\u201329.","journal-title":"Beneficial Microbes."},{"key":"4580_CR45","volume-title":"Gastrointestinal Nematodes Ascaris, Hookworm, Trichuris, and Enterobius Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections","author":"C Holland","year":"2010","unstructured":"Holland C. Gastrointestinal Nematodes Ascaris, Hookworm, Trichuris, and Enterobius Topley and Wilson\u2019s Microbiology and Microbial Infections. Amsterdam: Wiley; 2010."},{"issue":"2","key":"4580_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006218","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006218","volume":"13","author":"SZ Hasnain","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hasnain SZ, Dawson PA, Lourie R, Hutson P, Tong H, et al. Immune-driven alterations in mucin sulphation is an important mediator of Trichuris muris helminth expulsion. Plos Pathog. 2017;13(2):e1006218.","journal-title":"Plos Pathog."},{"issue":"4","key":"4580_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.1.4.12778","volume":"1","author":"M Derrien","year":"2010","unstructured":"Derrien M, van Passel MW, van de Bovenkamp JH, Schipper RG, de Vos WM, et al. Mucin-bacterial interactions in the human oral cavity and digestive tract. Gut microbes. 2010;1(4):254\u201368.","journal-title":"Gut microbes."},{"key":"4580_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02697-08","volume":"75","author":"O Geissinger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Geissinger O, Herlemann D, M\u00f6rschel E, Maier U, Brune A. The ultramicrobacterium \u201cElusimicrobium minutum\u201d gen. nov., sp. Nov., the first cultivated representative of the termite group 1 phylum. Appl Environ Microb. 2009;75:2831\u201340.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microb."},{"key":"4580_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00277","volume":"10","author":"D Parada Venegas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Parada Venegas D, De la Fuente MK, Landskron G, Gonz\u00e1lez MJ, Quera R, et al. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-mediated gut epithelial and immune regulation and its relevance for inflammatory bowel diseases. Front Immunol. 2019;10:277.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4580_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0125495","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125495","volume":"10","author":"JB Holm","year":"2015","unstructured":"Holm JB, Sorobetea D, Kiilerich P, Ramayo-Caldas Y, Estelle J, et al. Chronic Trichuris muris infection decreases diversity of the intestinal microbiota and concomitantly increases the abundance of Lactobacilli. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(5):e0125495.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"4580_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12274","volume":"38","author":"MM Zaiss","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zaiss MM, Harris NL. Interactions between the intestinal microbiome and helminth parasites. Parasite Immunol. 2016;38(1):5\u201311.","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"34","key":"4580_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12087","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000012087","volume":"97","author":"X Huang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huang X, Zeng LR, Chen FS, Zhu JP, Zhu MH. Trichuris suis ova therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis. Medicine. 2018;97(34):e12087.","journal-title":"Medicine."},{"issue":"1","key":"4580_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.041749","volume":"54","author":"RW Summers","year":"2005","unstructured":"Summers RW, Elliott DE, Urban JF Jr, Thompson R, Weinstock JV. Trichuris suis therapy in Crohn\u2019s disease. Gut. 2005;54(1):87\u201390.","journal-title":"Gut"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04580-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04580-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04580-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T06:02:57Z","timestamp":1635400977000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04580-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4580"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04580-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 June 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The project was approved by the Zanzibar Medical Ethical Research Committee under the protocol number ZAMREC\/001\/SEPT\/018.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"62"}}