{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T20:35:19Z","timestamp":1789504519187,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611273600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Institute of International Affairs"},{"name":"Euan Crone"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008451","name":"College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008451","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008149","name":"The Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008149","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Myanmar commenced a lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination programme in 2000. Whilst the country has made considerable progress since then, a number of districts have demonstrated persistent transmission after many rounds of mass drug administration (MDA). The causes of unsuccessful MDA have been examined elsewhere; however, there remains little information on the factors that contribute in Myanmar.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted an analysis of factors associated with persistent infection, LF-related hydrocoele and MDA participation in an area with ongoing transmission in 2015. A cross-sectional household survey was undertaken in 24 villages across four townships of Mandalay Region. Participants were screened for circulating filarial antigen (CFA) using immunochromatographic tests and, if positive, for microfilaria by night-time thick blood slide. Individuals 15\u00a0year and older were assessed for filariasis morbidity (lymphoedema and, if male, hydrocoele) by ultrasound-assisted clinical examination. A pre-coded questionnaire was used to assess risk factors for LF and for non-participation (never taking MDA). Significant variables identified in univariate analyses were included in separate step-wise multivariate logistic regressions for each outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After adjustment for covariates and survey design, being CFA positive was significantly associated with age [odds ratio (OR) 1.03, 95% CI 1.01\u20131.06), per year], male gender (OR 3.14, 1.27\u20137.76), elevation (OR 0.96, 0.94\u20130.99, per metre) and the density of people per household room (OR 1.59, 1.31\u20131.92). LF-related hydrocoele was associated with age (OR 1.06, 1.03\u20131.09, per year) and residing in Amarapura Township (OR 8.93, 1.37\u201358.32). Never taking MDA was associated with male gender [OR 6.89 (2.13\u201322.28)] and age, particularly in females, with a significant interaction term. Overall, compared to those aged 30\u201344\u00a0years, the proportion never taking MDA was higher in all age groups (OR highest in those &lt;\u20095\u00a0years and &gt;\u200960\u00a0years, ranging from 3.37 to 12.82). Never taking MDA was also associated with residing in Amarapura township (OR 2.48, 1.15\u20135.31), moving to one\u2019s current village from another (OR 2.62, 1.12\u20136.11) and ever having declined medication (OR 11.82, 4.25\u201332.91). Decreased likelihood of never taking MDA was associated with a higher proportion of household members being present during the last MDA round (OR 0.16, 0.03\u20130.74) and the number visits by the MDA programme (OR 0.69, 0.48\u20131.00).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results contribute to the understanding of LF and MDA participation-related risk factors and will assist Myanmar to improve its elimination and morbidity management programmes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04583-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T02:03:21Z","timestamp":1611281001000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Risk factors for lymphatic filariasis and mass drug administration non-participation in Mandalay Region, Myanmar"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Benjamin F. R.","family":"Dickson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia M.","family":"Graves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ni Ni","family":"Aye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thet Wai","family":"Nwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tint","family":"Wai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"San San","family":"Win","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myint","family":"Shwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Douglass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kinley","family":"Wangdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William J.","family":"McBride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"41","key":"4583_CR1","first-page":"457","volume":"94","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report, 2018. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2019;94(41):457\u201372.","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"4583_CR2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report for 2000\u20132009 and strategic plan 2010\u20132020. 2010."},{"issue":"1","key":"4583_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0420-9","volume":"7","author":"NN Aye","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aye NN, Lin Z, Lon KN, Linn NYY, Nwe TW, Mon KM, et al. Mapping and modelling the impact of mass drug adminstration on filariasis prevalence in Myanmar. Infect Dis Poverty. 2018;7(1):56.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"3","key":"4583_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed2030032","volume":"2","author":"BF Dickson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dickson BF, Graves PM, McBride WJ. Lymphatic filariasis in Mainland Southeast Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence and disease burden. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2017;2(3):32.","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4583_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-018-0093-x","volume":"46","author":"KM Win","year":"2018","unstructured":"Win KM, Tripathy JP, Maung TM, Oo T, Thi A, Lon KN, et al. Rapid progress towards elimination of lymphatic filariasis in endemic regions of Myanmar as a result of 16 years of anti-filarial activities (2001\u20132016). Trop Med Health. 2018;46(1):14.","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"key":"4583_CR6","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Research on rapid geographical assessment of Bancroftian filariasis. TDR\/TDF\/COMDT\/98.2; 1998."},{"issue":"1","key":"4583_CR7","first-page":"91","volume":"36","author":"B de Meillon","year":"1967","unstructured":"de Meillon B, Grab B, Sebastian A. Evaluation of Wuchereria bancrofti infection in Culex pipiens fatigans in Rangoon, Burma. Bull World Health Organ. 1967;36(1):91\u2013100.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"4583_CR8","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Regional Office for South-East Asia. Towards eliminating lymphatic filariasis: progress in the South-East Region (2001\u20132011). New Delhi: World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, 2013. 2013. Report No."},{"issue":"11","key":"4583_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006944","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006944","volume":"12","author":"BF Dickson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dickson BF, Graves PM, Aye NN, Nwe TW, Wai T, Shwe M, et al. The prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection and disease following six rounds of mass drug administration in Mandalay Region, Myanmar. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12(11):e0006944.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"4583_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13212","volume":"24","author":"J Douglass","year":"2019","unstructured":"Douglass J, Dykes L, Kelly-Hope L, Gordon S, Leggat P, Aye NN, et al. Preventive chemotherapy reverses covert, lymphatic-associated tissue change in young people with lymphatic filariasis in Myanmar. Trop Med Int Health. 2019;24(4):463\u201376.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"4583_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2447","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002447","volume":"7","author":"A Krentel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Krentel A, Fischer PU, Weil GJ. A review of factors that influence individual compliance with mass drug administration for elimination of lymphatic filariasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7(11):e2447.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4583_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4414-5","volume":"17","author":"A Silumbwe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Silumbwe A, Zulu JM, Halwindi H, Jacobs C, Zgambo J, Dambe R, et al. A systematic review of factors that shape implementation of mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis in sub-Saharan Africa. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):484.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"4583_CR13","unstructured":"Myanmar Information Management Unit (MIMU). The 2014 Myanmar population and housing census. 2014. http:\/\/themimu.info\/census-data. Accessed 9 Apr 2020."},{"key":"4583_CR14","volume-title":"Myanmar national programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: annual report (2011)","author":"Myanmar Ministry of Health","year":"2011","unstructured":"Myanmar Ministry of Health. Myanmar national programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: annual report (2011). Naypyitaw: Myanmar Ministry of Health; 2011."},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"4583_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000066646","volume":"112","author":"E Michael","year":"1996","unstructured":"Michael E, Bundy DA, Grenfell BT. Re-assessing the global prevalence and distribution of lymphatic filariasis. Parasitology. 1996;112(Pt 4):409\u201328.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"6","key":"4583_CR16","first-page":"935","volume":"38","author":"NG Hairston","year":"1968","unstructured":"Hairston NG, de Meillon B. On the inefficiency of transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti from mosquito to human host. Bull World Health Organ. 1968;38(6):935.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"8","key":"4583_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00765.x","volume":"6","author":"C Witt","year":"2001","unstructured":"Witt C, Ottesen EA. Lymphatic filariasis: an infection of childhood. Trop Med Int Health. 2001;6(8):582\u2013606.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4583_CR18","first-page":"43","volume":"26","author":"S Dutta","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dutta S, Diesfeld H. Evidence of sex variations in microfilaraemia and fluorescent antibody titre level at puberty in a bancroftian filariasis endemic area. J Commun Dis. 1994;26(1):43\u201351.","journal-title":"J Commun Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"4583_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800047932","volume":"105","author":"L Brabin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Brabin L. Sex differentials in susceptibility to lymphatic filariasis and implications for maternal child immunity. Epidemiol Infect. 1990;105(2):335\u201353.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"4583_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3996-4","volume":"13","author":"PM Graves","year":"2020","unstructured":"Graves PM, Sheridan S, Fuimaono S, Lau CL. Demographic, socioeconomic and disease knowledge factors, but not population mobility, associated with lymphatic filariasis infection in adult workers in American Samoa in 2014. Parasites Vectors. 2020;13(1):1\u201318.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"4583_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-1-41","volume":"1","author":"MJ Kirby","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kirby MJ, West P, Green C, Jasseh M, Lindsay SW. Risk factors for house-entry by culicine mosquitoes in a rural town and satellite villages in The Gambia. Parasites Vectors. 2008;1(1):41.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"issue":"2","key":"4583_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/44.2.87","volume":"44","author":"C Braga","year":"1998","unstructured":"Braga C, Albuquerque MF, Schindler HC, Silva MR, Maciel A, Furtado A, et al. Risk factors for the occurrence of bancroftian filariasis infection in children living in endemic areas of northeast of Brazil. J Trop Pediatr. 1998;44(2):87\u201391.","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"4583_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1603\/033.046.0314","volume":"46","author":"M Njie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Njie M, Dilger E, Lindsay SW, Kirby MJ. Importance of eaves to house entry by anopheline, but not culicine, mosquitoes. J Med Entomol. 2014;46(3):505\u201310.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4583_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e773","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000773","volume":"4","author":"SB Ogoma","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ogoma SB, Lweitoijera DW, Ngonyani H, Furer B, Russell TL, Mukabana WR, et al. Screening mosquito house entry points as a potential method for integrated control of endophagic filariasis, arbovirus and malaria vectors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4(8):e773.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"4583_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2013.96","volume":"7","author":"I Manhenje","year":"2013","unstructured":"Manhenje I, Gal\u00e1n-Puchades MT, Fuentes MV. Socio-environmental variables and transmission risk of lymphatic filariasis in central and northern Mozambique. Geospat Health. 2013;7(2):391\u20138.","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4583_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-298","volume":"10","author":"A-S Stensgaard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stensgaard A-S, Vounatsou P, Onapa AW, Simonsen PE, Pedersen EM, Rahbek C, et al. Bayesian geostatistical modelling of malaria and lymphatic filariasis infections in Uganda: predictors of risk and geographical patterns of co-endemicity. Malar J. 2011;10(1):298.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"4583_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90373-4","volume":"91","author":"R Attenborough","year":"1997","unstructured":"Attenborough R, Burkot T, Gardner D. Altitude and the risk of bites from mosquitoes infected with malaria and filariasis among the Mianmin people of Papua New Guinea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1997;91(1):8\u201310.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"4583_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2013.63","volume":"8","author":"MC Stanton","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stanton MC, Molyneux DH, Kyelem D, Bougma RW, Koudou BG, Kelly-Hope LA. Baseline drivers of lymphatic filariasis in Burkina Faso. Geospat Health. 2013;8(1):159\u201373.","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"4583_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70192-4","volume":"5","author":"DJ Tisch","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tisch DJ, Michael E, Kazura JW. Mass chemotherapy options to control lymphatic filariasis: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005;5(8):514\u201323.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"4583_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.2.521","volume":"172","author":"JS McCarthy","year":"1995","unstructured":"McCarthy JS, Guinea A, Weil GJ, Ottesen EA. Clearance of circulating filarial antigen as a measure of the macrofilaricidal activity of diethylcarbamazine in Wuchereria bancrofti infection. J Infect Dis. 1995;172(2):521\u20136.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4583_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-017-0063-8","volume":"45","author":"SP Coutts","year":"2017","unstructured":"Coutts SP, King JD, Pa\u2019au M, Fuimaono S, Roth J, King MR, et al. Prevalence and risk factors associated with lymphatic filariasis in American Samoa after mass drug administration. Trop Med Health. 2017;45(1):22.","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"4583_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e640","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000640","volume":"4","author":"A Boyd","year":"2010","unstructured":"Boyd A, Won KY, McClintock SK, Donovan CV, Laney SJ, Williams SA, et al. A community-based study of factors associated with continuing transmission of lymphatic filariasis in Leogane, Haiti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4(3):e640.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"4583_CR33","unstructured":"Myanmar Ministry of Immigration and Population. The Union report: occupation and industry. Myanmar; 2016."},{"key":"4583_CR34","unstructured":"Linn NY, Lin NN, Mon A, Thu AK, Thapa B, Maung TM, et al. Towards lymphatic filariasis elimination: exploring the barriers in MDA (Mass Drug Administration) at the community level in selected Pre-TAS (Pre-Transmission Assessment Survey) failed LF endemic districts, Myanmar. 48th Myanmar Health Research Congress; Yangon, Myanmar. 2020."},{"issue":"6","key":"4583_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e728","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000728","volume":"4","author":"PT Cantey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cantey PT, Rout J, Rao G, Williamson J, Fox LM. Increasing compliance with mass drug administration programs for lymphatic filariasis in India through education and lymphedema management programs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4(6):e728.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"4583_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1179\/136485906X105598","volume":"100","author":"K Ramaiah","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ramaiah K, Vijay Kumar K, Hosein E, Krishnamoorthy P, Augustin D, Snehalatha K, et al. A campaign of \u2018communication for behavioural impact\u2019 to improve mass drug administrations against lymphatic filariasis: structure, implementation and impact on people\u2019s knowledge and treatment coverage. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2006;100(4):345\u201361.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4583_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyl116","volume":"22","author":"B Nandha","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nandha B, Krishnamoorthy K. School-based health education campaign\u2014a potential tool for social mobilization to promote the use of DEC-fortified salt towards elimination of lymphatic filariasis. Health Educ Res. 2007;22(4):539\u201346.","journal-title":"Health Educ Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"4583_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(00)01778-6","volume":"16","author":"G Dreyer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dreyer G, Noroes J, Figueredo-Silva J, Piessens W. Pathogenesis of lymphatic disease in bancroftian filariasis: a clinical perspective. Parasitol Today. 2000;16(12):544\u20138.","journal-title":"Parasitol Today"},{"issue":"4","key":"4583_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30467-4","volume":"17","author":"MA Irvine","year":"2017","unstructured":"Irvine MA, Stolk WA, Smith ME, Subramanian S, Singh BK, Weil GJ, et al. Effectiveness of a triple-drug regimen for global elimination of lymphatic filariasis: a modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(4):451\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04583-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04583-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04583-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T02:02:50Z","timestamp":1635386570000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04583-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4583"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04583-y","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-59699\/v2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-59699\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 August 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was approved by The Human Research Ethics Committee, James Cook University (approval H5849), and The Ethics Review Committee on Medical Research Involving Human Subjects, Department of Medical Research, Myanmar Ministry of Health. The Ministry of Health, Regional Health Director and village leaders provided permission for this study. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants or their guardians.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"NNA, TWN, TW and SSW were involved in Myanmar\u2019s National LF Elimination Program at the time of the study. MS works as a self-employed private general practitioner in Mandalay. He volunteered his time to assist with data collection during the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"72"}}