{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T06:50:58Z","timestamp":1792047058841,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":292,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611532800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Trypanosomosis caused by\n Trypanosoma vivax<\/jats:italic>\n is one of the diseases threatening the health and productivity of livestock in Africa and Latin America.\n Trypanosoma vivax<\/jats:italic>\n is mainly transmitted by tsetse flies; however, the parasite has also acquired the ability to be transmitted mechanically by hematophagous dipterans. Understanding its distribution, host range and prevalence is a key step in local and global efforts to control the disease.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n The study was conducted according to the methodological recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. A systematic literature search was conducted on three search engines, namely PubMed, Scopus and CAB Direct, to identify all publications reporting natural infection of\n T. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n across the world. All the three search engines were screened using the search term\n Trypanosoma vivax<\/jats:italic>\n without time and language restrictions. Publications on\n T. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n that met our inclusion criteria were considered for systematic review and meta-analysis.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Result<\/jats:title>\n \n The study provides a global database of\n T. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n , consisting of 899 records from 245 peer-reviewed articles in 41 countries. A total of 232, 6277 tests were performed on 97 different mammalian hosts, including a wide range of wild animals. Natural infections of\n T. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n were recorded in 39 different African and Latin American countries and 47 mammalian host species. All the 245 articles were included into the qualitative analysis, while information from 186 cross-sectional studies was used in the quantitative analysis mainly to estimate the pooled prevalence. Pooled prevalence estimates of\n T. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n in domestic buffalo, cattle, dog, dromedary camel, equine, pig, small ruminant and wild animals were 30.6%, 6.4%, 2.6%, 8.4%, 3.7%, 5.5%, 3.8% and 12.9%, respectively. Stratified according to the diagnostic method, the highest pooled prevalences were found with serological techniques in domesticated buffalo (57.6%) followed by equine (50.0%) and wild animals (49.3%).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n The study provides a comprehensive dataset on the geographical distribution and host range of\n T. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n and demonstrates the potential of this parasite to invade other countries out of Africa and Latin America.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04584-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T08:06:12Z","timestamp":1611561972000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Global distribution, host range and prevalence of Trypanosoma vivax: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Eyerusalem","family":"Fetene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samson","family":"Leta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fikru","family":"Regassa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"B\u00fcscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"4584_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevens J., Brisse S. 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