{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:41:29Z","timestamp":1787020889289,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611273600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Two species of deer ked (\n Lipoptena cervi<\/jats:italic>\n and\n L. mazamae<\/jats:italic>\n ) have been identified as vectors of\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n bacteria in cervids in Europe and the USA. In an earlier study we showed that Japanese sika deer (\n Cervus nippon<\/jats:italic>\n ) harbor three\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n species, namely\n B. capreoli<\/jats:italic>\n (lineage A) and two novel\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n species (lineages B and C); however, there is currently no information on the vector of\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n bacteria in sika deer. The aim of this study was to clarify potential vectors of\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n in Japanese sika deer.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Thirty-eight wingless deer keds (\n L. fortisetosa<\/jats:italic>\n ) and 36 ticks (\n Haemaphysalis<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Ixodes<\/jats:italic>\n species) were collected from sika deer. The prevalence of\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n in the arthropods was evaluated by real-time PCR targeting the 16S\u221223S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and by culture of the organisms. The total number of\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n bacteria were quantified using real-time PCR. The distribution of\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n bacteria in deer ked organs was examined by immunofluorescence analysis. The relationship of\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n strains isolated from sika deer and arthropods were examined by a phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated sequences of the\n gltA<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n rpoB<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n ftsZ<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n ribC<\/jats:italic>\n genes, followed by a BLAST search for\n gltA<\/jats:italic>\n and\n rpoB<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n prevalence in deer keds was 87.9% by real-time PCR and 51.5% in culture and that in the ticks was 8.3% by real-time PCR and 2.8% in culture. The mean number of\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n bacteria per ked was calculated to be 9.2 \u00d7 10\n 5<\/jats:sup>\n cells.\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n aggregates were localized in the midgut of the keds. The phylogenetic analysis and BLAST search showed that\u00a0both the host deer and the keds harbored two\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n species (lineages B and C), while\n B. capreoli<\/jats:italic>\n (lineage A) was not detected in the keds. Two novel\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n species (lineages D and E) were isolated from one ked.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Lipoptena fortisetosa<\/jats:italic>\n likely serves as a vector of at least two\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n species (lineages B and C), whereas ticks do not seem to play a significant role in the transmission of\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n between sika deer based on the lower detection rates of\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n in ticks compared to keds.\n Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n species in lineages D and E appear to be\n L. fortisetosa<\/jats:italic>\n -specific strains.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04585-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T02:03:21Z","timestamp":1611281001000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Lipoptena fortisetosa as a vector of Bartonella bacteria in Japanese sika deer (Cervus nippon)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6837-977X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shingo","family":"Sato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidenori","family":"Kabeya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayuri","family":"Ishiguro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Shibasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soichi","family":"Maruyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"4585_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2012.03.005","volume":"12","author":"M Kosoy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kosoy M, Hayman DT, Chan KS. 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