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The population dynamics of\n                      <jats:italic>G. pecorum<\/jats:italic>\n                      were studied to elucidate the population development of this species in the arid desert steppe.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Larvae in the freshly excreted feces of tracked Przewalski\u2019s horses (\n                      <jats:italic>Equus przewalskii<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) were collected and recorded. The larval pupation experiments were carried out under natural conditions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There was a positive correlation between the survival rate and the number of larvae expelled (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.630,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01); the correlation indicated that the species had characteristic peaks of occurrence. The main periods during which mature larvae were expelled in the feces were from early April to early May (peak I) and from mid-August to early September (peak II); the larval population curve showed a sudden increase and gradual decrease at both peaks. Under the higher temperatures of peak II, the adults developing from the larvae had a higher survival rate, higher pupation rate, higher emergence rate and shorter eclosion period than those developing from peak I larvae. Although\n                      <jats:italic>G. pecorum<\/jats:italic>\n                      has only one generation per year, its occurrence peaked twice annually, i.e. the studied population has a bimodal distribution, which doubles parasitic pressure on the local host. This phenomenon is very rarely recorded in studies on insect life history, and especially in those on parasite epidemiology.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The period during which\n                      <jats:italic>G. pecorum<\/jats:italic>\n                      larvae are naturally expelled from the host exceeds 7\u00a0months in KNR, which indicates that there is potentially a long period during which hosts can become infected with this parasite. The phenomenon of two annual peaks of larvae expelled in feces is important as it provides one explanation for the high rate of equine myiasis in KNR.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04623-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T14:02:58Z","timestamp":1614607378000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The impact of temperature on the life cycle of Gasterophilus pecorum in northwest China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ke","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heqing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boru","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Make","family":"Ente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boling","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"4623_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.403","volume":"60","author":"LA Royce","year":"1999","unstructured":"Royce LA, Rossignol PA, Kubitz ML, Burton FR. 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