{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T09:38:33Z","timestamp":1788514713282,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614643200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014\/13\/B\/NZ7\/02348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014\/13\/B\/NZ7\/02348"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Protozoa in the genus\n                      <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n                      are transmitted to humans through tick bites and cause babesiosis, a malaria-like illness. Vertical transmission of\n                      <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. has been reported in mammals; however, the exact timing and mechanisms involved are not currently known. The aims of this study were to evaluate the success of vertical transmission of\n                      <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n                      in female mice infected before pregnancy (mated during the acute or chronic phases of\n                      <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection) and that of pregnant mice infected during early and advanced pregnancy; to evaluate the possible influence of pregnancy on the course of parasite infections (parasitaemia); and to assess pathological changes induced by parasitic infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The first set of experiments involved two groups of female mice infected with\n                      <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n                      before mating, and inseminated on the 7th day and after the 40th day post infection. A second set of experiments involved female mice infected with\n                      <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n                      during pregnancy, on the 4th and 12th days of pregnancy. Blood smears and PCR targeting the 559 bp 18S rRNA gene fragment were used for the detection of\n                      <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Pathology was assessed histologically.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Successful development of pregnancy was recorded only in females mated during the chronic phase of infection. The success of vertical transmission of\n                      <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n                      in this group was 63%. No evidence of pregnancy was found in females mated during the acute phase of infection or on the 4th day of pregnancy. In the group infected on the 12th day of pregnancy, numerous complications including loss of pregnancy and stillbirths were recorded. During the acute phase of infection, parasitaemia was lower in pregnant females in comparison to infected, non-pregnant control females.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Acute\n                      <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection prevents the initiation of pregnancy and embryonic development if it occurs during the first trimester, and causes severe complications in foetal BALB\/c mice in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Chronic\n                      <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection has no detrimental impact on the initiation and development of pregnancy, but results in congenital infection of the offspring. Further study is required to determine the extent to which maternal anti-babesial immune responses contribute to compromise pregnancy in the murine model of congenital\n                      <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04638-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T02:02:34Z","timestamp":1614650554000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Impact of Babesia microti infection on the initiation and course of pregnancy in BALB\/c mice"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"To\u0142kacz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Rodo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Wdowiarska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Bajer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Bednarska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"4638_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.10.018","volume":"121","author":"Y Carlier","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carlier Y, Truyens C, Deloron P, Peyron F. Congenital parasitic infections: a review. Acta Trop. 2012;121:55\u201370.","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"4638_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1086\/590149","volume":"47","author":"JG Montoya","year":"2008","unstructured":"Montoya JG, Remington JS. Management of Toxoplasma gondii infection during pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:554\u201366.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"4638_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822003000600024","volume":"36","author":"Y Carlier","year":"2003","unstructured":"Carlier Y, Torrico F. Congenital infection with Trypanosoma cruzi: from mechanisms of transmission to strategies for diagnosis and control. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2003;36:767\u201371.","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop."},{"key":"4638_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.018","volume":"12","author":"C Menendez","year":"2007","unstructured":"Menendez C, Mayor A. Congenital malaria: the least known consequence of malaria in pregnancy. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2007;12:207\u201313.","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"4638_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.10.027","volume":"175","author":"T Schnieder","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schnieder T, Laabs E-M, Welz C. Larval development of Toxocara canis in dogs. Vet Parasitol. 2011;175:193\u2013206.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"4638_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.3.451","volume":"13","author":"MJ Homer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Homer MJ, Aguilar-Delfin I, Telford SR 3rd, Krause PJ, Persing DH. Babesiosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2000;13:451\u201369.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"4638_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15470","volume":"59","author":"L Tonnetti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tonnetti L, O\u2019Brien SF, Gregoire Y, Proctor MC, Drews SJ, Delage G, et al. Prevalence of Babesia in Canadian blood donors: June\u2013October 2018. Transfusion. 2019;59:3171\u20136.","journal-title":"Transfusion."},{"key":"4638_CR8","first-page":"287","volume":"14","author":"R Welc-Faleciak","year":"2007","unstructured":"Welc-Faleciak R, Bajer A, Bednarska M, Paziewska A, Sinski E. Long term monitoring of Babesia microti infection in BALB\/c mice using nested PCR. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2007;14:287\u201390.","journal-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med."},{"key":"4638_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2007-x","volume":"10","author":"K Tolkacz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tolkacz K, Bednarska M, Alsarraf M, Dwuznik D, Grzybek M, Welc-Faleciak R, et al. Prevalence, genetic identity and vertical transmission of Babesia microti in three naturally infected species of vole, Microtus spp. (Cricetidae). Parasit Vectors. 2017;10:66.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"4638_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa595","author":"DM Tufts","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tufts DM, Diuk-Wasser MA. Vertical transmission: a vector-independent transmission pathway of Babesia microti in the natural reservoir host Peromyscus leucopus. J Infect Dis. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa595.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"4638_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bloch EM, Kumar S, Krause PJ. Persistence of Babesia microti infection in humans. Pathogens. 2019;8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8030102"},{"key":"4638_CR12","first-page":"75","volume":"43","author":"AJ De Vos","year":"1976","unstructured":"De Vos AJ, Imes GD, Cullen JS. Cerebral babesiosis in a new-born calf. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1976;43:75\u20138.","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res."},{"key":"4638_CR13","unstructured":"Klinger Y, Ben Yossef H. Case of intra-uterine infection with Babesiella berbera. [Cattle]. 1972."},{"key":"4638_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1956.tb36607.x","volume":"64","author":"WO Neitz","year":"1956","unstructured":"Neitz WO. Classification, transmission, and biology of piroplasms of domestic animals. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1956;64:56\u2013111.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"key":"4638_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0450.2003.00597.x","volume":"50","author":"I Yeruham","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yeruham I, Avidar Y, Aroch I, Hadani A. Intra-uterine infection with Babesia bovis in a 2-day-old calf. J Vet Med B. 2003;50:60\u20132.","journal-title":"J Vet Med B."},{"key":"4638_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.17221\/8881-VETMED","volume":"61","author":"L Adaszek","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adaszek L, Obara-Galek J, Piech T, Winiarczyk M, Kalinowski M, Winiarczyk S. Possible vertical transmission of Babesia canis canis from a bitch to her puppies: a case report. Vet Med-Czech. 2016;61:263\u20136.","journal-title":"Vet Med-Czech"},{"key":"4638_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.5604\/12321966.1120590","volume":"21","author":"EJ Mierzejewska","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mierzejewska EJ, Welc-Fal\u0119ciak R, Bednarska M, Rodo A, Bajer A. The first evidence for vertical transmission of Babesia canis in a litter of Central Asian Shepherd dogs. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2014;21:500\u20133.","journal-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med."},{"key":"4638_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2875-8","volume":"11","author":"DM Tufts","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tufts DM, Diuk-Wasser MA. Transplacental transmission of tick-borne Babesia microti in its natural host Peromyscus leucopus. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:286.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"4638_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0137731","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137731","volume":"10","author":"M Bednarska","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bednarska M, Bajer A, Drozdowska A, Mierzejewska EJ, Tolkacz K, Welc-Faleciak R. Vertical transmission of Babesia microti in BALB\/c mice: preliminary report. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0137731.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4638_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.03.018","volume":"35","author":"S Fukumoto","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fukumoto S, Suzuki H, Igarashi I, Xuan X. Fatal experimental transplacental Babesia gibsoni infections in dogs. Int J Parasitol. 2005;35:1031\u20135.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol."},{"key":"4638_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181c3c971","volume":"29","author":"O Aderinboye","year":"2010","unstructured":"Aderinboye O, Syed SS. Congenital babesiosis in a four-week-old female infant. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010;29:188.","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"4638_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(87)80552-8","volume":"110","author":"D Esernio-Jenssen","year":"1987","unstructured":"Esernio-Jenssen D, Scimeca PG, Benach JL, Tenenbaum MJ. Transplacental\/perinatal babesiosis. J Pediatr. 1987;110:570\u20132.","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"4638_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200307103490221","volume":"349","author":"HM Feder Jr","year":"2003","unstructured":"Feder HM Jr, Lawlor M, Krause PJ. Babesiosis in pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:195\u20136.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"4638_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000195438.09628.b0","volume":"25","author":"LM Fox","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fox LM, Wingerter S, Ahmed A, Arnold A, Chou J, Rhein L, et al. Neonatal babesiosis: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25:169\u201373.","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"4638_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S899","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz360.2267","volume":"6","author":"K Hachey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hachey K, Lewis D, Rodriguez JL, Richardson MW, Johnston AM. Two cases of congenital babesiosis. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019;6:S899\u2013900.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis."},{"key":"4638_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2018.12.044","volume":"56","author":"S Iyer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Iyer S, Goodman K. Congenital babesiosis from maternal exposure: a case report. J Emerg Med. 2019;56:e39\u201341.","journal-title":"J Emerg Med."},{"key":"4638_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1097\/IPC.0b013e31825b20c1","volume":"20","author":"JK Cornett","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cornett JK, Malhotra A, Hart D. Vertical transmission of babesiosis from a pregnant, splenectomized mother to her neonate. Infect Dis Clin Pract. 2012;20:408\u201310.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin Pract"},{"key":"4638_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(97)70143-4","volume":"131","author":"DL New","year":"1997","unstructured":"New DL, Quinn JB, Qureshi MZ, Sigler SJ. Vertically transmitted babesiosis. J Pediatr. 1997;131:163\u20134.","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"4638_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1505.070808","volume":"15","author":"S Sethi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sethi S, Alcid D, Kesarwala H, Tolan RW Jr. Probable congenital babesiosis in infant, New Jersey, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:788\u201391.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"4638_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1985.11811977","volume":"79","author":"CM Turner","year":"1985","unstructured":"Turner CM, Cox FE. The stability of Babesia microti infections after prolonged passage, a comparison with a recently isolated strain. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1985;79:659\u201361.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol."},{"key":"4638_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLean AC, Valenzuela N, Fai S, Bennett SA. Performing vaginal lavage, crystal violet staining, and vaginal cytological evaluation for mouse estrous cycle staging identification. J Vis Exp. 2012;e4389.","DOI":"10.3791\/4389"},{"key":"4638_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-6864-5.00010-4","volume-title":"Bancroft's theory and practice of histological techniques (Eighth Edition)","author":"JD Bancroft","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bancroft JD, Layton C. 10\u2014The hematoxylins and eosin. In: Suvarna SK, Layton C, Bancroft JD, editors. Bancroft\u2019s theory and practice of histological techniques (Eighth Edition). Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2019. p. 126\u201338."},{"key":"4638_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1308.061560","volume":"13","author":"S Bonnet","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bonnet S, Jouglin M, L\u2019Hostis M, Chauvin A. Babesia sp. EU1 from roe deer and transmission within Ixodes ricinus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:1208\u201310.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"4638_CR34","volume-title":"Statistical tables","author":"FJ Rohlf","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rohlf FJ, Sokal RR. Statistical tables. New York: Macmillan; 1995."},{"key":"4638_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1202018","volume":"366","author":"E Vannier","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vannier E, Krause PJ. Human babesiosis. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:2397\u2013407.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"4638_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000222","volume":"124","author":"R Luckett","year":"2014","unstructured":"Luckett R, Rodriguez W, Katz D. Babesiosis in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;124:419\u201322.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"4638_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001445","volume":"128","author":"M Gulersen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gulersen M, Brost BC, Bobrovnikov V, Bornstein E. Acute babesiosis in pregnancy: a novel imitator of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count syndrome. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;128:197\u2013200.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"4638_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1982.tb02883.x","volume":"29","author":"AMJ Oduola","year":"1982","unstructured":"Oduola AMJ, Holbrook TW, Galbraith RM, Bank H, Spicer SS. Effects of malaria (Plasmodium berghei) on the maternal-fetal relationship in mice. J Protozool. 1982;29:77\u201381.","journal-title":"J Protozool."},{"key":"4638_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2839","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.5.2839-2848.2006","volume":"74","author":"J Poovassery","year":"2006","unstructured":"Poovassery J, Moore JM. Murine malaria infection induces fetal loss associated with accumulation of Plasmodium chabaudi AS-infected erythrocytes in the placenta. Infect Immun. 2006;74:2839\u201348.","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"4638_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-72-160537-0\/50033-5","volume-title":"Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn infant","author":"JS Remington","year":"2006","unstructured":"Remington JS, McLeod R, Thulliez P, Desmonts G. Toxoplasmosis. In: Remington JS, Klein JO, Wilson CB, Baker CJ, editors. Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn infant. 6th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 2006. p. 947\u20131091.","edition":"6"},{"key":"4638_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.201","volume":"70","author":"F Torrico","year":"2004","unstructured":"Torrico F, Alonso-Vega C, Suarez E, Rodrigez P, Torrico M-C, Drmaix M, et al. Maternal Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Pregnancy outcome, morbidity, and mortality of congenitally infected and non-infected newborns in Bolivia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;70:201\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"4638_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(95)80151-0","volume":"11","author":"C Menendez","year":"1995","unstructured":"Menendez C. Malaria during pregnancy: a priority area of malaria research and control. Parasitol Today. 1995;11:178\u201383.","journal-title":"Parasitol Today."},{"key":"4638_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70339-5","volume":"12","author":"R McGready","year":"2012","unstructured":"McGready R, Lee SJ, Wiladphaingern J, Ashley EA, Rijken MJ, Boel M, et al. Adverse effects of falciparum and vivax malaria and the safety of antimalarial treatment in early pregnancy: a population-based study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12:388\u201396.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"4638_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)09247-2","volume":"354","author":"F Nosten","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nosten F, McGready R, Simpson JA, Thwai KL, Balkan S, Cho T, et al. Effects of Plasmodium vivax malaria in pregnancy. Lancet. 1999;354:546\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4638_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2018.11.002","volume":"49","author":"CE Suarez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Suarez CE, Alzan HF, Silva MG, Rathinasamy V, Poole WA, Cooke BM. Unravelling the cellular and molecular pathogenesis of bovine babesiosis: is the sky the limit? Int J Parasitol. 2019;49:183\u201397.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol."},{"key":"4638_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(02)00065-X","volume":"19","author":"DR Allred","year":"2003","unstructured":"Allred DR. Babesiosis: persistence in the face of adversity. Trends Parasitol. 2003;19:51\u20135.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"4638_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2003.09.012","volume":"134","author":"DR Allred","year":"2004","unstructured":"Allred DR, Al-Khedery B. Antigenic variation and cytoadhesion in Babesia bovis and Plasmodium falciparum: different logics achieve the same goal. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2004;134:27\u201335.","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol."},{"key":"4638_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ122","volume":"60","author":"G Cottrell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cottrell G, Moussiliou A, Luty AJ, Cot M, Fievet N, Massougbodji A, et al. Submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum infections are associated with maternal anemia, premature births, and low birth weight. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60:1481\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"4638_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02111.x","volume":"13","author":"H Tagbor","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tagbor H, Bruce J, Browne E, Greenwood B, Chandramohan D. Malaria in pregnancy in an area of stable and intense transmission: is it asymptomatic? Trop Med Int Health. 2008;13:1016\u201321.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health."},{"key":"4638_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00856-06","volume":"51","author":"FP Mockenhaupt","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mockenhaupt FP, Bedu-Addo G, Junge C, Hommerich L, Eggelte TA, Bienzle U. Markers of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in placenta and circulation of pregnant women. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51:332\u20134.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"4638_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01294.x","volume":"9","author":"PI Mayengue","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mayengue PI, Rieth H, Khattab A, Issifou S, Kremsner PG, Klinkert MQ, et al. Submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum infections and multiplicity of infection in matched peripheral, placental and umbilical cord blood samples from Gabonese women. Trop Med Int Health. 2004;9:949\u201358.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health."},{"key":"4638_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2002.0773","volume":"250","author":"SL Adamson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Adamson SL, Lu Y, Whiteley KJ, Holmyard D, Hemberger M, Pfarrer C, et al. Interactions between trophoblast cells and the maternal and fetal circulation in the mouse placenta. Dev Biol. 2002;250:358\u201373.","journal-title":"Dev Biol."},{"key":"4638_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1808.110988","volume":"18","author":"JT Joseph","year":"2012","unstructured":"Joseph JT, Purtill K, Wong SJ, Munoz J, Teal A, Madison-Antenucci S, et al. Vertical transmission of Babesia microti, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:1318\u201321.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"4638_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2007.04.005","volume":"137","author":"MJ Day","year":"2007","unstructured":"Day MJ. Immune system development in the dog and cat. J Comp Pathol. 2007;137(Suppl 1):S10\u20135.","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol."},{"key":"4638_CR55","first-page":"349","volume-title":"Topley & Wilson's microbiology and microbial infection","author":"SRI Telford","year":"1988","unstructured":"Telford SRI, Spielman A. Babesiosis of humans. In: Collier L, Balows A, Sussman M, editors. Topley & Wilson\u2019s microbiology and microbial infection. 9th ed. London: Arnold; 1988. p. 349\u201359.","edition":"9"},{"key":"4638_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1981.30.560","volume":"30","author":"A Spielman","year":"1981","unstructured":"Spielman A, Etkind P, Piesman J, Ruebush TK, Juranek DD, Jacobs MS. Reservoir hosts of human babesiosis on Nantucket Island*. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1981;30:560\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"4638_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(89)90596-8","volume":"83","author":"IG Wright","year":"1989","unstructured":"Wright IG, Goodger BV, Buffington GD, Clark IA, Parrodi F, Waltisbuhl DJ. Immunopathophysiology of babesial infections. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1989;83(Suppl):11\u20133.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"4638_CR58","first-page":"853","volume":"74","author":"AH Dao","year":"1996","unstructured":"Dao AH, Eberhard ML. Pathology of acute fatal babesiosis in hamsters experimentally infected with the WA-1 strain of Babesia. Lab Invest. 1996;74:853\u20139.","journal-title":"Lab Invest."},{"key":"4638_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1998.11813309","volume":"92","author":"TPM Schetters","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schetters TPM, Kleuskens J, Scholtes N, Gorenflot A. Parasite localization and dissemination in the Babesia-infected host. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1998;92:513\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol."},{"key":"4638_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2018.11.007","volume":"49","author":"PJ Krause","year":"2019","unstructured":"Krause PJ. Human babesiosis. Int J Parasitol. 2019;49:165\u201374.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol."},{"key":"4638_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2002.130644","volume":"20","author":"MA Diuk-Wasser","year":"2014","unstructured":"Diuk-Wasser MA, Liu Y, Steeves TK, Folsom-O\u2019Keefe C, Dardick KR, Lepore T, et al. Monitoring human babesiosis emergence through vector surveillance New England, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20:225\u201331.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"4638_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0193837","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193837","volume":"13","author":"HK Goethert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Goethert HK, Molloy P, Berardi V, Weeks K, Telford SR 3rd. Zoonotic Babesia microti in the northeastern US: evidence for the expansion of a specific parasite lineage. PLoS ONE. 2018;13:e0193837.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04638-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04638-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04638-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T01:04:19Z","timestamp":1635901459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04638-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4638"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04638-0","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.10.12.335927","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 October 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All of the procedures conducted on mice were approved by the First Ethics Committee for Animal Experimentation in Poland (ethical license numbers: 406\/2013, 716\/2015 and 536\/2018), according to the principles governing experimental conditions and care of laboratory animals required by the European Union and the Polish Law on Animal Protection.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"132"}}