{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T20:06:48Z","timestamp":1778875608981,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615161600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011019","name":"NKFIH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["132794"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["132794"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011019","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Among Dermanyssoidea, the chicken red mite (<jats:italic>Dermanyssus gallinae<\/jats:italic>) and the northern fowl mite (<jats:italic>Ornithonyssus sylviarum<\/jats:italic>) are considered to be the cause of high economic losses endured by the poultry industry in the Holarctic region, with <jats:italic>O. sylviarum<\/jats:italic> predominating in North America and <jats:italic>D. gallinae<\/jats:italic> in Europe. Both species have a short life-cycle (thereby allowing a rapid build-up of massive infestations), a wide range of hosts, synanthropic presence and the ability to bite humans. The aim of this study was to analyze dermanyssoid mite specimens, collected in two human dwellings and two racing pigeon premises in different urban areas in Hungary, with molecular\u2013phylogenetic methods.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Mite species were identified morphologically. This was followed by DNA extraction and molecular\u2013phylogenetic analyses of selected mites, based on the cytochrome <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic> oxidase subunit I (<jats:italic>cox<\/jats:italic>1) and 28S rRNA (<jats:italic>28S<\/jats:italic>) genes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Mites that had invaded a home from a pigeon nest and were\u00a0linked to human dermatitis were morphologically and molecularly identified as <jats:italic>D. gallinae<\/jats:italic> special lineage L1. Specimens collected at all other sampling sites were identified as <jats:italic>O. sylviarum<\/jats:italic>, including mites that had invaded a home from a house martin (<jats:italic>Delichon urbicum<\/jats:italic>) nest, as well as those which were collected from racing pigeons. House martin- or pigeon-associated <jats:italic>O. sylviarum<\/jats:italic> specimens showed the highest sequence identity and closest phylogenetic relationship with conspecific mites reported in GenBank from Israel or Canada, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Detailed morphological and molecular\u2013phylogenetic analyses of <jats:italic>D. gallinae<\/jats:italic> lineage L1 confirmed its status as a cryptic species within <jats:italic>D. gallinae <\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>s.l.<\/jats:italic>). Taking into account the well-documented latitudinal migratory routes of house martins between Hungary and Africa, <jats:italic>O. sylviarum<\/jats:italic> associated with this bird species most likely arrived on its host from the eastern Mediterranean region. On the other hand, mites collected from pigeons in Hungary showed <jats:italic>cox<\/jats:italic>1 genetic homogeneity with North American <jats:italic>O. sylviarum<\/jats:italic>, which can only be explained by a long-distance (west-to-east intercontinental) connection of birds and their mites as part of human activity (e.g. transportation to exhibitions or trading). In summary, this is the first molecularly confirmed and phylogenetically analyzed case of <jats:italic>O. sylviarum<\/jats:italic> infestation of birds in Hungary, implicating urban environment and involving distant parts of the country. This is also the first report of <jats:italic>D. gallinae<\/jats:italic> lineage L1 in central Europe.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04643-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T12:02:51Z","timestamp":1615204971000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Urban emergence of Dermanyssus gallinae lineage L1 and Ornithonyssus sylviarum in Hungary: phylogenetic differentiation between the roles of migrating vs transported synanthropic birds"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5449-8615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e1ndor","family":"Hornok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N\u00f3ra","family":"Tak\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Sipos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P\u00e1l","family":"Morandini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Attila D.","family":"S\u00e1ndor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u00e1ndor","family":"Szekeres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Grima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jen\u0151","family":"Kontsch\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"4643_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1051\/acarologia\/20101957","volume":"50","author":"A Dowling","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dowling A, Connor BM. Phylogeny of Dermanyssoidea (Acari: Parasitiformes) suggests multiple origins of parasitism. Acarologia. 2010;50:113\u201329.","journal-title":"Acarologia"},{"key":"4643_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2005122099","volume":"12","author":"C Valiente Moro","year":"2005","unstructured":"Valiente Moro C, Chauve C, Zenner L. Vectorial role of some dermanyssoid mites (Acari, Mesostigmata, Dermanyssoidea). Parasite. 2005;12:99\u2013109.","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"4643_CR3","unstructured":"Pratt HD. Mites of public health importance and their control. Atlanta: US Department of Health, Education and Welfare; 1963."},{"key":"4643_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-006-0007-1","volume":"38","author":"WK Reeves","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reeves WK, Dowling APG, Dasch GA. Rickettsial agents from parasitic Dermanyssoidea (Acari: Mesostigmata). Exp Appl Acarol. 2006;38:181\u20138.","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol."},{"key":"4643_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(98)00167-8","volume":"79","author":"C Chauve","year":"1998","unstructured":"Chauve C. The poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778): current situation and future prospects for control. Vet Parasitol. 1998;79:239\u201345.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"4643_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.09.002","volume":"246","author":"AC Murillo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Murillo AC, Mullens BA. A review of the biology, ecology, and control of the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Acari: Macronyssidae). Vet Parasitol. 2017;246:30\u20137.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"4643_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cafiero MA, Barlaam A, Camarda A, Radeski M, Mul M, Sparagano O, et al. Dermanysuss gallinae attacks humans. Mind the gap! Avian Pathol. 2019;48(1):S22\u201334.","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2019.1633010"},{"key":"4643_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy L, Chauve CM, Buronfosse T. Contrasted ecological repartition of the Northern Fowl Mite Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae) and the Chicken Red Mite Dermanyssus gallinae (Mesostigmata: Dermanyssidae) Acarologia. 2010;50:207\u201319.","DOI":"10.1051\/acarologia\/20101958"},{"key":"4643_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.150.13.413","volume":"150","author":"A Bruneau","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bruneau A, Dernburg A, Chauve C, Zenner L. First report of the northern fowl mite Ornithonyssus sylviarum in France. Vet Rec. 2002;150:413\u20134.","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"4643_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12053","volume":"28","author":"DS Jansson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jansson DS, Otman F, Lundqvist L, H\u00f6glund J, Engstr\u00f6m A, Chiricoet J. Northern fowl mite (Ornithonyssus sylviarum) in Sweden. Med Vet Entomol. 2014;28:443\u20136.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol."},{"key":"4643_CR11","first-page":"215","volume":"12","author":"R Davidova","year":"2011","unstructured":"Davidova R, Vasilev V. Gamasid mites (Acari, Mesostigmata) in the nest holes of three passerine species from Kamchia Mountain (Northeastern Bulgaria). Sci Parasitol. 2011;12:215\u201321.","journal-title":"Sci Parasitol."},{"key":"4643_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fenda P. Mites (Mesostigmata) inhabiting bird nests in Slovakia (Western Carpathians). In: Sabelis MW, Bruin J, editors Trends in acarology. Dordrecht: Springer SBM; 2009. p. 199\u2013205.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-9837-5_32"},{"key":"4643_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.2307\/3273713","volume":"40","author":"RK Sikes","year":"1954","unstructured":"Sikes RK, Chamberlain RW. Laboratory observations on three species of bird mites. J Parasitol. 1954;40:691\u20137.","journal-title":"J Parasitol."},{"key":"4643_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1159\/000266039","volume":"220","author":"D Haag-Wackernagel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Haag-Wackernagel D, Bircher AJ. Ectoparasites from feral pigeons affecting humans. Dermatology. 2010;220:82\u201392.","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"4643_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.3893.1.3","volume":"3893","author":"P Ma\u0161\u00e1n","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ma\u0161\u00e1n P, Fen\u010fa P, Kri\u0161tof\u00edk J, Halliday B. A review of the ectoparasitic mites (Acari: Dermanyssoidea) associated with birds and their nests in Slovakia, with notes on identification of some species. Zootaxa. 2014;3893:77\u2013100.","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"4643_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22305","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022305","volume":"6","author":"L Roy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Roy L, Buronfosse T. Using mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data for disentangling population structure in complex pest species: a case study with Dermanyssus gallinae. PLoS One. 2011;6:e22305.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"4643_CR17","first-page":"348","volume":"127","author":"R Farkas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Farkas R, Fejes P. Observances relating to the occurrence of red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) in Hungary. Magy \u00c1llatorvosok. 2005;127:348\u201355.","journal-title":"Magy \u00c1llatorvosok."},{"key":"4643_CR18","first-page":"318","volume":"47","author":"K Szab\u00f3","year":"2002","unstructured":"Szab\u00f3 K, Szalm\u00e1s A, Liker A, Barta Z. Effects of haematophagous mites on nestling house sparrows (Passer domesticus). Acta Parasitol. 2002;47:318\u201322.","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"4643_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moss WW. An illustrated key to the species of the acarine genus Dermanyssus (Mesostigmata: Laelapoidea: Dermanyssidae). J Med Entomol. 1968;5:67\u201384.","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/5.1.67"},{"key":"4643_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-104","volume":"5","author":"A Di Palma","year":"2012","unstructured":"Di Palma A, Giangaspero A, Cafiero MA, Germinara GS. A gallery of the key characters to ease identification of Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Gamasida: Dermanyssidae) and allow differentiation from Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Acari: Gamasida: Macronyssidae). Parasites Vectors. 2012;5:104.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors."},{"key":"4643_CR21","unstructured":"Denmark HA, Cromroy HL. Tropical Fowl Mite, Ornithonyssus bursa (Berlese) (Arachnida: Acari: Macronyssidae). IFAS extension. 2003;297:1\u20133. https:\/\/edis.ifas.ufl.edu\/in575. Accessed 13 Feb 2021."},{"key":"4643_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2017.05.001","volume":"66","author":"M Pezzi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pezzi M, Leis M, Chicca M, Roy L. Gamasoidosis caused by the special lineage L1 of Dermanyssus gallinae (Acarina: Dermanyssidae): a case of heavy infestation in a public place in Italy. Parasitol Int. 2017;66:666\u201370.","journal-title":"Parasitol Int."},{"key":"4643_CR23","first-page":"294","volume":"3","author":"O Folmer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Folmer O, Black M, Hoeh W, Lutz R, Vrijenhoek R. DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Mel Marine Biol Biot. 1994;3:294\u20139.","journal-title":"Mel Marine Biol Biot."},{"key":"4643_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hornok S, S\u00e1ndor AD, Beck R, Farkas R, Beati L, Kontsch\u00e1net J, et al. Contributions to the phylogeny of Ixodes (Pholeoixodes) canisuga, I. (Ph.) kaiseri, I. (Ph.) hexagonus and a simple pictorial key for the identification of their females. Parasites Vectors. 2017;10:545.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2424-x"},{"key":"4643_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2020.102146","volume":"78","author":"ND Sargison","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sargison ND, Jacinavicius FC, Fleming RH, Chaudhry UN, Costa-Junior LM. Investigation of a gamasid mite infestation in a UK textile mill caused by Dermanyssus gallinae (DeGeer, 1778) (Mesostigmata: Dermanyssidae) special lineage L1. Parasitol Int. 2020;78:102146.","journal-title":"Parasitol Int."},{"key":"4643_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2008.11.012","volume":"50","author":"L Roy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Roy L, Dowling AP, Chauve CM, Buronfosse T. Delimiting species boundaries within Dermanyssus Dug\u00e8s, 1834 (Acari:Dermanyssidae) using a total evidence approach. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2009;50:446\u201370.","journal-title":"Mol Phylogenet Evol."},{"key":"4643_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Palma A, Giangaspero A, Cafiero MA, Germinara GS. A gallery of the key characters to ease identification of Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Gamasida: Dermanyssidae) and allow differentiation from Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Acari: Gamasida: Macronyssidae). Parasites Vectors 2012;5:104.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-104"},{"key":"4643_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cafiero MA, Galante D, Raele DA, Nardella MC, Piccirilli E, Lomuto M. Outbreaks of Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari, Mesostigmata) related dermatitis in humans in public and private residences, in Italy (2001\u20132017): an expanding skin affliction. J Clin Case Rep. 2017;7:1035.","DOI":"10.4172\/2165-7920.10001035"},{"key":"4643_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1985.tb13013.x","volume":"113","author":"SM Neill","year":"1985","unstructured":"Neill SM, Monk BE, Pembroke AC. Gamasoidosis\u2014avian mite dermatitis (Dermanyssus gallinae). Br J Dermatol. 1985;113:44.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol."},{"key":"4643_CR30","first-page":"21","volume":"56","author":"H Bardach","year":"1981","unstructured":"Bardach H. Acaraiasis due to Dermanyssus gallinae (gamasoidosis) in Vienna. Z Hautkrankheiten. 1981;56:21\u20136.","journal-title":"Z Hautkrankheiten"},{"key":"4643_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/jav.01339","volume":"48","author":"T Sz\u00e9p","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sz\u00e9p T, Liechti F, Nagy K, Nagy Z, Hahn S. Discovering the migration and non-breeding areas of sand martins and house martins breeding in the Pannonian basin (central-eastern Europe). J Avian Biol. 2017;48:114\u201322.","journal-title":"J Avian Biol."},{"key":"4643_CR32","unstructured":"Snow DW, Perrins CM. The birds of the Western Palearctic, concise edition. Vol. 1: Non-Passerines. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1998."},{"key":"4643_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/00306525.1963.9633820","volume":"34","author":"K Curry-Lindahl","year":"1963","unstructured":"Curry-Lindahl K. Roosts of swallows (Hirundo rustica) and house martins (Delichon urbica) during the migration in Tropical Africa. Ostrich. 1963;34:99\u2013101.","journal-title":"Ostrich"},{"key":"4643_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5347","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15292","volume":"28","author":"MR Young","year":"2019","unstructured":"Young MR, Proctor HC, deWaard JR, Hebert PDN. DNA barcodes expose unexpected diversity in Canadian mites. Mol Ecol. 2019;28:5347\u201359.","journal-title":"Mol Ecol."},{"key":"4643_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.2307\/3275658","volume":"51","author":"JD Foulk","year":"1965","unstructured":"Foulk JD, Matthysse JG. Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Acarina: Mesostigmata) from wild birds and their nests. J Parasitol. 1965;51:126\u20137.","journal-title":"J Parasitol."}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04643-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04643-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04643-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T18:08:40Z","timestamp":1635962920000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04643-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4643"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04643-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 August 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Mites were collected near the birds under the supervision of the owner living at the residence; therefore, no ethical permission was needed. When relevant, verbal consent was obtained to take pictures on the premises.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"147"}}