{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:20:18Z","timestamp":1790698818483,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614643200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"African Reasearch Network for NTD","award":["SEC\/0417\/SGP_015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SEC\/0417\/SGP_015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In March 2017, Togo was declared the first country in sub-Saharan Africa to eliminate lymphatic filariasis as a\u00a0public health problem, but post-validation surveillance has been lacking. In some areas of the country, migrant groups from neighboring countries that are still endemic for LF pose a risk of reintroduction of LF to Togo. The objective of this study was to identify the risk posed by migrant groups by measuring their prevalence of LF infection and investigating any positive case using Togo\u2019s case investigation algorithm to prevent resurgence of LF and sustain Togo\u2019s elimination success.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2018 in the northernmost region of the country. Three migrant populations were identified: (i) nomadic Peuhls, (ii) Togolese members of local communities who migrate annually to neighboring countries for seasonal labor, and (iii) refugees from Ghana who came to Togo because of a communal conflict in Ghana. A questionnaire was designed to collect data on demographics and history of LF and MDA; all participants were tested for circulating filariasis antigen (CFA) using the filariasis test strip (FTS). Any CFA-positive case was confirmed with nocturnal microfilaremia.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Refugees, seasonal economic migrants and nomadic Peuhls represented 42.1%, 31.4% and 26.5% of the study participants, respectively. The overall prevalence of CFA was 4.2% (58\/1391) with the highest prevalence in the nomadic Peuhl group (11.9%), but only one of them (0.07%) was confirmed positive with nocturnal microfilaremia. Using the case investigation algorithm, no other positive case was identified in the positive case\u2019s surroundings.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study demonstrates that nomadic Peuhls, with a CFA prevalence of 11.9%, pose a potential risk for reintroduction of LF into Togo while Ghanaian refugees and seasonal economic migrants do not appear to pose a significant risk. Periodic monitoring of migrants, especially the nomadic Peuhl population, is a potential post-validation surveillance approach that could be used to promptly detect any LF cluster that may arise.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04644-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T08:05:56Z","timestamp":1614672356000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Monitoring migrant groups as a post-validation surveillance approach to contain the potential reemergence of lymphatic filariasis in Togo"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1030-7757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monique Ameyo","family":"Dorkenoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin Kouame","family":"Tchankoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Degninou","family":"Yehadji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kossi","family":"Yakpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maw\u00e8k\u00e9","family":"Tchalim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Efoe","family":"Sossou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Bronzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didier Koumavi","family":"Ekouevi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"4644_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3319","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003319","volume":"8","author":"KD Ramaiah","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ramaiah KD, Ottesen EA. Progress and impact of 13 years of the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis on reducing the burden of filarial disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8:e3319.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"4644_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.54.110807.090626","volume":"54","author":"MJ Bockarie","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bockarie MJ, Pedersen EM, White GB, Michael E. Role of vector control in the global program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Annu Rev Entomol. 2009;54:469\u201387.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"key":"4644_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/pao.2019.1","volume":"5","author":"MJ Maclean","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maclean MJ, Lorenz WW, Dzimianski MT, Anna C, Moorhead AR, Reaves BJ, et al. Effects of diethylcarbamazine and ivermectin treatment on Brugia malayi gene expression in infected gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Parasitol Open. 2019;5:1.","journal-title":"Parasitol Open."},{"key":"4644_CR4","unstructured":"WHO. Lymphatic filariasis. World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2020 May 16]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/lymphatic-filariasis"},{"key":"4644_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0407","volume":"90","author":"PJ Budge","year":"2014","unstructured":"Budge PJ, Dorkenoo AM, Sodahlon YK, Fasuyi OB, Mathieu E. Ongoing surveillance for lymphatic filariasis in Togo: assessment of alternatives and nationwide reassessment of transmission status. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;90:89\u201395.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"4644_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0610","volume":"84","author":"E Mathieu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mathieu E, Dorkenoo A, Otogbe FKJ, Budge PJ, Sodahlon YK. A laboratory-based surveillance system for Wuchereria bancrofti in Togo: a practical model for resource-poor settings. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;84:988\u201393.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"4644_CR7","unstructured":"WHO. Monitoring and epidemiological assessment of mass drug administration in the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: a manual for national elimination programmes. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2011 [cited 2020 May 16]. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/44580"},{"key":"4644_CR8","unstructured":"WHO. Validation of elimination of lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2017 [cited 2020 May 16]. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/254377"},{"key":"4644_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2611-9","volume":"11","author":"MA Dorkenoo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dorkenoo MA, de Souza DK, Apetogbo Y, Oboussoumi K, Yehadji D, Tchalim M, et al. Molecular xenomonitoring for post-validation surveillance of lymphatic filariasis in Togo: no evidence for active transmission. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:52.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4644_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2843-3","volume":"11","author":"MA Dorkenoo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dorkenoo MA, Bronzan R, Yehadji D, Tchalim M, Yakpa K, Etassoli S, et al. Surveillance for lymphatic filariasis after stopping mass drug administration in endemic districts of Togo, 2010\u20132015. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:244.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4644_CR11","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis. Monitoring and epidemiological assessment of the programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis at implementation unit level. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2005 [cited 2020 May 16]. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/69172"},{"key":"4644_CR12","unstructured":"WHO. Guideline: alternative mass drug administration regimens to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2017 [cited 2021 Jan 25]. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/259381"},{"key":"4644_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2883-2-13","volume":"2","author":"D Molyneux","year":"2003","unstructured":"Molyneux D. Lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) elimination: a public health success and development opportunity. Filaria J. 2003;2:13.","journal-title":"Filaria J"},{"key":"4644_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trx062","volume":"111","author":"R Noordin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Noordin R, Mohd Zain SN, Yunus MH, Sahimin N. Seroprevalence of lymphatic filariasis among migrant workers in Peninsular Malaysia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2017;111:370\u20132.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"4644_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrp.2012.07.008","volume":"3","author":"SH Cho","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cho SH, Ma DW, Koo BR, Shin HE, Lee WK, Jeong BS, et al. Surveillance and vector control of lymphatic filariasis in the republic of Korea. Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2012;3:145\u201350.","journal-title":"Osong Public Health Res Perspect"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"4644_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762003000900004","volume":"98","author":"J-P Nozais","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nozais J-P. The origin and dispersion of human parasitic diseases in the old world (Africa, Europe and Madagascar). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2003;98(Suppl 1):13\u20139.","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"4644_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2006.06.004","volume":"98","author":"R Thangadurai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Thangadurai R, Hoti SL, Kumar NP, Das PK. Phylogeography of human lymphatic filarial parasite. Wuchereria bancrofti in India Acta Trop. 2006;98:297\u2013304.","journal-title":"Wuchereria bancrofti in India Acta Trop"},{"key":"4644_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2700","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002700","volume":"8","author":"DK de Souza","year":"2014","unstructured":"de Souza DK, Sesay S, Moore MG, Ansumana R, Narh CA, Kollie K, et al. No evidence for lymphatic filariasis transmission in big cities affected by conflict related rural-urban migration in Sierra Leone and Liberia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8:e2700.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"4644_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2079","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002079","volume":"7","author":"KD Ramaiah","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ramaiah KD. Population migration: implications for lymphatic filariasis elimination programmes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7:e2079.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"4644_CR20","first-page":"179","volume":"21","author":"S Nuchprayoon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nuchprayoon S, Sanprasert V, Porksakorn C, Nuchprayoon I. Prevalence of bancroftian filariasis on the Thai-Myanmar border. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2003;21:179\u201388.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"4644_CR21","first-page":"390","volume":"36","author":"A Bhumiratana","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bhumiratana A, Koyadun S, Srisuphanunt M, Satitvipawee P, Limpairojn N, Gaewchaiyo G. Border and imported bancroftian filariases: baseline seroprevalence in sentinel populations exposed to infections with Wuchereria bancrofti and concomitant HIV at the start of diethylcarbamazine mass treatment in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2005;36:390\u2013407.","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"4644_CR22","first-page":"735","volume":"82","author":"S Triteeraprapab","year":"1999","unstructured":"Triteeraprapab S, Songtrus J. High prevalence of bancroftian filariasis in Myanmar-migrant workers: a study in Mae Sot district, Tak province, Thailand. J Med Assoc Thail Chotmaihet Thangphaet. 1999;82:735\u20139.","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thail Chotmaihet Thangphaet"},{"key":"4644_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.2001.11813666","volume":"95","author":"S Triteeraprapab","year":"2001","unstructured":"Triteeraprapab S, Nuchprayoon I, Porksakorn C, Poovorawan Y, Scott AL. High prevalence of Wuchereria bancrofti infection among Myanmar migrants in Thailand. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2001;95:535\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04644-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04644-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04644-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T12:05:40Z","timestamp":1635768340000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04644-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4644"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04644-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Approval for this study was received from Togo MOH Bioethics Committee for Health Research of the Togo Ministry of Health (approval no. 390\/2017\/MSPS\/CAB\/SG\/DGAS\/DPML\/CBRS). In addition, written informed consent was obtained from every adult enrolled and from the parent or guardian of each child enrolled in this study. No personal identification information has been reported. All persons testing positive by FTS and\/or microfilaremia received a single dose of ivermectin plus albendazole according to WHO MDA dosing.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"134"}}