{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:55:56Z","timestamp":1792803356684,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]],"date-time":"2021-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616198400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]],"date-time":"2021-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FN 32-57098.99"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FN 32-57098.99"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FN 3200B0-100657"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FN 3200B0-100657"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FN 320000-113936"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FN 320000-113936"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FN 310030-127064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FN 310030-127064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002329","name":"Bundesamt f\u00fcr Gesundheit","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2009\/10 (Projekt (911) 316)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2009\/10 (Projekt (911) 316)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002329","name":"Bundesamt f\u00fcr Gesundheit","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2011\/13 (11.006911\/ 304.0001-707)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011\/13 (11.006911\/ 304.0001-707)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2019-04483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2019-04483"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000106","name":"Saskatchewan Health Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4583"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000106","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The incidence of Lyme borreliosis and other tick-borne diseases is increasing in Europe and North America. There is currently much interest in identifying the ecological factors that determine the density of infected ticks as this variable determines the risk of Lyme borreliosis to vertebrate hosts, including humans. Lyme borreliosis is caused by the bacterium<jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>sensu lato\u00a0(s.l.) and in western Europe, the hard tick<jats:italic>Ixodes ricinus<\/jats:italic>is the most important vector.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over a 15-year period (2004\u20132018), we monitored the monthly abundance of<jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic>ticks (nymphs and adults) and their<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>s.l. infection status at four different elevations on a mountain in western Switzerland. We collected climate variables in the field and from nearby weather stations. We obtained data on beech tree seed production (masting) from the literature, as the abundance of<jats:italic>Ixodes<\/jats:italic>nymphs can increase dramatically 2\u00a0years after a masting event. We used generalized linear mixed effects\u00a0models and AIC-based model selection to identify the ecological factors that influence inter-annual variation in the nymphal infection prevalence (NIP) and the density of infected nymphs (DIN).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that the NIP decreased by 78% over the study period. Inter-annual variation in the NIP was explained by the mean precipitation in the present year, and the duration that the DNA extraction was stored in the freezer prior to pathogen detection. The DIN decreased over the study period at all four elevation sites, and the decrease was significant at the top elevation. Inter-annual variation in the DIN was best explained by elevation site, year, beech tree masting index 2\u00a0years prior and the mean relative humidity in the present year. This is the first study in Europe to demonstrate that seed production by deciduous trees influences the density of nymphs infected with<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>s.l.\u00a0and hence the risk of Lyme borreliosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Public health officials in Europe should be aware that masting by deciduous trees is an important predictor of the risk of Lyme borreliosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04646-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]],"date-time":"2021-03-20T12:02:54Z","timestamp":1616241774000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Masting by beech trees predicts the risk of Lyme disease"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3177-6130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cindy","family":"Bregnard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Rais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten Jeroen","family":"Voordouw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"4646_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004005967","volume":"129","author":"F Jongejan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jongejan F, Uilenberg G. The global importance of ticks. Parasitology. 2005;129:3\u201314.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"4646_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6717e1","volume":"67","author":"R Rosenberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rosenberg R, Lindsey N, Fischer M, Gregory C, Hinckley A, Mead P, et al. Vital signs: trends in reported vectorborne disease cases\u2014United States and territories, 2004\u20132016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67:1\u20136.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"4646_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108119","volume":"108","author":"E Lindgren","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lindgren E, T\u00e4lleklint L, Polfeldt T. Impact of climatic change on the northern latitude limit and population density of the disease-transmitting European tick Ixodes ricinus. Environ Health Perspect. 2000;108:119\u201323.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"4646_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-8","volume":"5","author":"TGT Jaenson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jaenson TGT, Jaenson DG, Eisen L, Petersson E, Lindgren E. Changes in the geographical distribution and abundance of the tick Ixodes ricinus during the past 30 years in Sweden. Parasites Vectors. 2012;5:8.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"4646_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.080148","volume":"180","author":"NH Ogden","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ogden NH, Lindsay LR, Morshed M, Sockett PN, Artsob H. The emergence of Lyme disease in Canada. CMAJ. 2009;180:1221\u20134.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"4646_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.14745\/ccdr.v43i10a01","volume":"43","author":"S Gasmi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gasmi S, Ogden NH, Lindsay LR, Burns S, Fleming S, Badcock J, et al. Surveillance for Lyme disease in Canada: 2009\u20132015. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2017;43:194\u20139.","journal-title":"Can Commun Dis Rep"},{"key":"4646_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-004-0139-x","volume":"2","author":"JS Brownstein","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brownstein JS, Holford TR, Fish D. Effect of climate change on Lyme disease risk in North America. EcoHealth. 2005;2:38\u201346.","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"4646_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)71009-6","volume":"15","author":"J Medlock","year":"2015","unstructured":"Medlock J, Leach S. Impact of climate change on vector-borne disease in the UK. Lancet. 2015;15:159\u201399.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4646_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20130551","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0551","volume":"370","author":"PE Parham","year":"2015","unstructured":"Parham PE, Waldock J, Christophides GK, Hemming D, Agusto F, Evans KJ, et al. Climate, environmental and socio-economic change: weighing up the balance in vector-borne disease transmission. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2015;370:20130551.","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"4646_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8503006","volume":"260","author":"AG Barbour","year":"1993","unstructured":"Barbour AG, Fish D. The biological and social phenomenon of Lyme disease. Science. 1993;260:1610\u20136.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4646_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2012.10.011","volume":"28","author":"CL Wood","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wood CL, Lafferty KD. Biodiversity and disease: a synthesis of ecological perspectives on Lyme disease transmission. Trends Ecol Evol. 2013;28:239\u201347.","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"4646_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2007.12.005","volume":"10","author":"SE Randolph","year":"2008","unstructured":"Randolph SE. Tick-borne encephalitis incidence in central and eastern Europe: consequences of political transition. Microb Infect. 2008;10:209\u201316.","journal-title":"Microb Infect"},{"key":"4646_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e500","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000500","volume":"2","author":"D Sumilo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sumilo D, Asokliene L, Bormane A, Vasilenko V, Golovljova I, Randolph SE. Climate change cannot explain the upsurge of tick-borne encephalitis in the Baltics. PLoS ONE. 2007;2:e500.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4646_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-35","volume":"4","author":"ER Godfrey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Godfrey ER, Randolph SE. Economic downturn results in tick-borne disease upsurge. Parasites Vectors. 2011;4:35.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"4646_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0395","volume":"86","author":"MA Diuk-Wasser","year":"2012","unstructured":"Diuk-Wasser MA, Hoen AG, Cislo P, Brinkerhoff R, Hamer SA, Rowland M, et al. Human risk of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease agent, in eastern United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;86:320\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"4646_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2890-9","volume":"11","author":"A Mysterud","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mysterud A, Stigum V, Seland I, Herland A, Easterday WR, Jore S, et al. Tick abundance, pathogen prevalence, and disease incidence in two contrasting regions at the northern distribution range of Europe. Parasites Vectors. 2018;11:309.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"4646_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20160117","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0117","volume":"372","author":"A Kilpatrick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kilpatrick A, Dobson A, Levi T, Salkeld D, Swei A, Ginsberg HS, et al. Lyme disease ecology in a changing world: consensus, uncertainty and critical gaps for improving control. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2017;372:20160117.","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"4646_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851996325.0149","volume-title":"Lyme borreliosis: biology, epidemiology and control","author":"L Gern","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gern L, Humair PF. Ecology of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Europe. In: Gray JS, Kahl O, Lane RS, Stanek G, editors. Lyme borreliosis: biology, epidemiology and control. Wallinford: CABI International; 2002. p. 149\u201374."},{"key":"4646_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/S0934-8840(98)80121-7","volume":"287","author":"L Gern","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gern L, Estrada-Pe\u00f1a A, Frandsen F, Gray JS, Jaenson TGT, Jongejan F, et al. European reservoir hosts of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Zentralbl Bakteriol B. 1998;287:196\u2013204.","journal-title":"Zentralbl Bakteriol B"},{"key":"4646_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2011.00312.x","volume":"36","author":"A Mannelli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mannelli A, Bertolotti L, Gern L, Gray J. Ecology of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Europe: transmission dynamics in multi-host systems, influence of molecular processes and effects of climate change. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2012;36:837\u201361.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"4646_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1389-5","volume":"9","author":"G van Duijvendijk","year":"2016","unstructured":"van Duijvendijk G, Coipan C, Wagemakers A, Fonville M, Ers\u00f6z J, Oei A, et al. Larvae of Ixodes ricinus transmit Borrelia afzelii and B. miyamotoi to vertebrate hosts. Parasites Vectors. 2016;9:97.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"4646_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2012.06.008","volume":"4","author":"L Rollend","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rollend L, Fish D, Childs JE. Transovarial transmission of Borrelia spirochetes by Ixodes scapularis: a summary of the literature and recent observations. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2013;4:46\u201351.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"4646_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3089","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.8.3089-3091.1998","volume":"64","author":"FR Matuschka","year":"1998","unstructured":"Matuschka FR, Schinkel TW, Klug B, Spielman A, Richter D. Failure of Ixodes ticks to inherit Borrelia afzelii infection. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1998;64:3089\u201391.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"4646_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2007.12.006","volume":"22","author":"JF Anderson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Anderson JF, Magnarelli LA. Biology of ticks. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2008;22:195\u2013215.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"4646_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/29.6.915","volume":"29","author":"JS Gray","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gray JS, Kahl O, Janetzki C, Stein J. Studies on the ecology of Lyme disease in a deer forest in County Galway, Ireland. J Med Entomol. 1992;29:915\u201320.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"4646_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.10.013","volume":"10","author":"C-I Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang C-I, Kay SC, Davis S, Tufts DM, Gaffett K, Tefft B, et al. High burdens of Ixodes scapularis larval ticks on white-tailed deer may limit Lyme disease risk in a low biodiversity setting. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2019;10:258\u201368.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"4646_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/33.5.805","volume":"33","author":"L T\u00e4lleklint","year":"2014","unstructured":"T\u00e4lleklint L, Jaenson TGT. Relationship between Ixodes ricinus density and prevalence of infection with Borrelia-like spirochetes and density of infected ticks. J Med Entomol. 2014;33:805\u201311.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"4646_CR28","volume-title":"Lyme disease: the ecology of a complex system","author":"RS Ostfeld","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ostfeld RS. Lyme disease: the ecology of a complex system. Oxford: Oxford University Press USA; 2011."},{"key":"4646_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.5.1240-1244.1998","volume":"36","author":"KC Stafford 3rd","year":"1998","unstructured":"Stafford KC 3rd, Cartter ML, Magnarelli LA, Ertel SH, Mshar PA. Temporal correlations between tick abundance and prevalence of ticks infected with Borrelia burgdorferi and increasing incidence of Lyme disease. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:1240\u20134.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"4646_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008879","volume":"144","author":"TN Mather","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mather TN, Nicholson MC, Donnelly EF, Matyas BT. Entomologic index for human risk of Lyme disease. Am J Epidemiol. 1996;144:1066\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"4646_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195150933.003.0016","volume-title":"Conservation medicine: ecological health in practice","author":"RS Ostfeld","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ostfeld RS, Keesing F, Schauber EM, Schmidt KA. Ecological context of Lyme disease: biodiversity, habitat fragmentation, and risk of infection. In: Conservation medicine: ecological health in practice. New York: Oxford University Press; 2002. p. 207\u201319."},{"key":"4646_CR32","first-page":"323","volume":"79","author":"JS Gray","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gray JS. The development and seasonal activity of the tick Ixodes ricinus: a vector of Lyme borreliosis. Rev Med Vet Entomol. 1991;79:323\u201333.","journal-title":"Rev Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"4646_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006","volume":"7","author":"JS Gray","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gray JS, Kahl O, Lane RS, Levin M, Tsao J. Diapause in ticks of the medically important Ixodes ricinus species complex. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2016;7:992\u20131003.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"4646_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010798518261","volume":"24","author":"EI Korenberg","year":"2000","unstructured":"Korenberg EI. Seasonal population dynamics of Ixodes ticks and tick-borne encephalitis virus. Exp Appl Acarol. 2000;24:665\u201381.","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"4646_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e145","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040145","volume":"4","author":"RS Ostfeld","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ostfeld RS, Canham CD, Oggenfuss K, Winchcombe RJ, Keesing F. Climate, deer, rodents, and acorns as determinants of variation in Lyme-disease risk. PLoS Biol. 2006;4:e145.","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"4646_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3902-0","volume":"13","author":"AI Krawczyk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Krawczyk AI, van Duijvendijk GLA, Swart A, Heylen D, Jaarsma RI, Jacobs FHH, et al. Effect of rodent density on tick and tick-borne pathogen populations: consequences for infectious disease risk. Parasites Vectors. 2020;13:34.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"4646_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006070416135","volume":"22","author":"JS Gray","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gray JS. Review: the ecology of ticks transmitting Lyme borreliosis. Exp Appl Acarol. 1998;22:249\u201358.","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"4646_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60103-7","volume":"379","author":"G Stanek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stanek G, Wormser GP, Gray J, Strle F. Lyme borreliosis. Lancet. 2012;379:461\u201373.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4646_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004004925","volume":"129","author":"SE Randolph","year":"2004","unstructured":"Randolph SE. Tick ecology: processes and patterns behind the epidemiological risk posed by ixodid ticks as vectors. Parasitology. 2004;129:37\u201365.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"4646_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.4.622","volume":"41","author":"NH Ogden","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ogden NH, Lindsay LR, Beauchamp G, Charron D, Maarouf A, O\u2019Callaghan CJ, et al. Investigation of relationships between temperature and developmental rates of tick Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in the laboratory and field. J Med Entomol. 2004;41:622\u201333.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"4646_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593232","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/593232","volume":"2009","author":"JS Gray","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gray JS, Dautel H, Estrada-Pe\u00f1a A, Kahl O, Lindgren E. Effects of climate change on ticks and tick-borne diseases in Europe. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2009;2009:593232.","journal-title":"Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis"},{"key":"4646_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2009.06.002","volume":"1","author":"NH Ogden","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ogden NH, Tsao JI. Biodiversity and Lyme disease: dilution or amplification? Epidemics. 2009;1:196\u2013206.","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"4646_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(98)01224-1","volume":"14","author":"SE Randolph","year":"1998","unstructured":"Randolph SE. Ticks are not insects: consequences of contrasting vector biology for transmission potential. Parasitol Today. 1998;14:186\u201392.","journal-title":"Parasitol Today"},{"key":"4646_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-007-0859-z","volume":"154","author":"E Clotfelter","year":"2008","unstructured":"Clotfelter E, Pedersen A, Cranford J, Ram N, Snajdr E, Nolan V, et al. Acorn mast drives long-term dynamics of rodent and songbird populations. Oecologia. 2008;154:493\u2013503.","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"4646_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2002.960302.x","volume":"96","author":"JL Schnurr","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schnurr JL, Ostfeld RS, Canham CD. Direct and indirect effects of masting on rodent populations and tree seed survival. Oikos. 2002;96:402\u201310.","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"4646_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2014.02.010","volume":"192","author":"I Drobyshev","year":"2014","unstructured":"Drobyshev I, Niklasson M, Mazerolle MJ, Bergeron Y. Reconstruction of a 253-year long mast record of European beech reveals its association with large scale temperature variability and no long-term trend in mast frequencies. Agric For Meteorol. 2014;192:9\u201317.","journal-title":"Agric For Meteorol"},{"key":"4646_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2010.01.037","volume":"259","author":"I Drobyshev","year":"2010","unstructured":"Drobyshev I, \u00d6vergaard R, Saygin I, Niklasson M, Hickler T, Karlsson M, et al. Masting behaviour and dendrochronology of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in southern Sweden. For Ecol Manag. 2010;259:2160\u201371.","journal-title":"For Ecol Manag"},{"key":"4646_CR48","first-page":"1039","volume":"79","author":"G Piovesan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Piovesan G, Adams JM. Masting behaviour in beech: linking reproduction and climatic variation. Can J Bot. 2001;79:1039\u201347.","journal-title":"Can J Bot"},{"key":"4646_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/cpm020","volume":"80","author":"R \u00d6vergaard","year":"2007","unstructured":"\u00d6vergaard R, Gemmel P, Karlsson M. Effects of weather conditions on mast year frequency in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Sweden. Forestry. 2007;80:555\u201365.","journal-title":"Forestry"},{"key":"4646_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.2386","volume":"99","author":"RS Ostfeld","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ostfeld RS, Levi T, Keesing F, Oggenfuss K, Canham CD. Tick-borne disease risk in a forest food web. Ecology. 2018;99:1562\u201373.","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"4646_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1089\/153036601750137688","volume":"1","author":"RS Ostfeld","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ostfeld RS, Schauber EM, Canham CD, Keesing F, Jones CG, Wolff JO. Effects of acorn production and mouse abundance on abundance and Borrelia burgdorferi infection prevalence of nymphal Ixodes scapularis ticks. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2001;1:55\u201363.","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"4646_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1890\/03-5370","volume":"15","author":"EM Schauber","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schauber EM, Ostfeld RS, Evans J, Andrew S. What is the best predictor of annual Lyme disease incidence: weather, mice, or acorns? Ecol Appl. 2005;15:575\u201386.","journal-title":"Ecol Appl"},{"key":"4646_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-018-0267-6","volume":"75","author":"K Brugger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brugger K, Walter M, Chitimia-Dobler L, Dobler G, Rubel F. Forecasting next season\u2019s Ixodes ricinus nymphal density: the example of southern Germany 2018. Exp Appl Acarol. 2018;75:281\u20138.","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"4646_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04291-z","volume":"13","author":"C Bregnard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bregnard C, Rais O, Voordouw MJ. Climate and tree seed production predict the abundance of the European Lyme disease vector over a 15-year period. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13:408.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4646_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.2.162","volume":"41","author":"F Jouda","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jouda F, Perret JL, Gern L. Ixodes ricinus density, and distribution and prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection along an altitudinal gradient. J Med Entomol. 2004;41:162\u20139.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"4646_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/44.6.1109","volume":"44","author":"F Mor\u00e1n Cadenas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mor\u00e1n Cadenas F, Rais O, Humair PF, Douet V, Moret J, Gern L. Identification of host bloodmeal source and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in field-collected Ixodes ricinus ticks in Chaumont (Switzerland). J Med Entomol. 2007;44:1109\u201317.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"4646_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/44.4.683","volume":"44","author":"F Mor\u00e1n Cadenas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mor\u00e1n Cadenas F, Rais O, Jouda F, Douet V, Humair PF, Moret J, et al. Phenology of Ixodes ricinus and infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato along a North- and South-facing altitudinal gradient on Chaumont Mountain, Switzerland. J Med Entomol. 2007;44:683\u201393.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"4646_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2006.0596","volume":"7","author":"F Mor\u00e1n Cadenas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mor\u00e1n Cadenas F, Schneider H, Lommano E, Burri C, Moret J, Gern L. A comparison of two DNA extraction approaches in the detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from live Ixodes ricinus ticks by PCR and reverse line blotting. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2007;7:555\u201362.","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"4646_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2006.0569","volume":"7","author":"C Burri","year":"2007","unstructured":"Burri C, Mor\u00e1n Cadenas F, Douet V, Moret J, Gern L. Ixodes ricinus density and infection prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato along a north-facing altitudinal gradient in the Rh\u00f4ne Valley (Switzerland). Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2007;7:50\u20138.","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"4646_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0856-8","volume":"8","author":"J Berret","year":"2015","unstructured":"Berret J, Voordouw MJ. Lyme disease bacterium does not affect attraction to rodent odour in the tick vector. Parasites Vectors. 2015;8:249.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"4646_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7740","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02296-15","volume":"81","author":"J Durand","year":"2015","unstructured":"Durand J, Jacquet M, Paillard L, Rais O, Gern L, Voordouw MJ. Cross-immunity and community structure of a multiple-strain pathogen in the tick vector. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2015;81:7740\u201352.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"4646_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/36.6.741","volume":"36","author":"SE Randolph","year":"1999","unstructured":"Randolph SE, Storey K. Impact of microclimate on immature tick-rodent host interactions (Acari: Ixodidae): implications for parasite transmission. J Med Entomol. 1999;36:741\u20138.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"4646_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360000209","volume":"86","author":"JL Perret","year":"2000","unstructured":"Perret JL, Guigoz E, Rais O, Gern L. Influence of saturation deficit and temperature on Ixodes ricinus tick questing activity in a Lyme borreliosis-endemic area (Switzerland). Parasitol Res. 2000;86:554\u20137.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"4646_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-020-0592-8","volume":"6","author":"M Bogdziewicz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bogdziewicz M, Kelly D, Thomas PA, Lageard JG, Hacket-Pain A. Climate warming disrupts mast seeding and its fitness benefits in European beech. Nat Plants. 2020;6:88\u201394.","journal-title":"Nat Plants"},{"key":"4646_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.1785","volume":"98","author":"D Ascoli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ascoli D, Maringer J, Hacket-Pain A, Conedera M, Drobyshev I, Motta R, et al. Two centuries of masting data for European beech and Norway spruce across the European continent. Ecology. 2017;98:1473.","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"4646_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1603\/0046-225X-32.5.1010","volume":"32","author":"RJ Eisen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Eisen RJ, Eisen L, Castro MB, Lane RS. Environmentally related variability in risk of exposure to Lyme disease spirochetes in northern California: effect of climatic conditions and habitat type. Environ Entomol. 2003;32:1010\u20138.","journal-title":"Environ Entomol"},{"key":"4646_CR67","unstructured":"R Development Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. 2013."},{"key":"4646_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.2307\/1312946","volume":"46","author":"RS Ostfeld","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ostfeld RS, Jones CG, Wolff JO. Of mice and mast. Bioscience. 1996;46:323\u201330.","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"4646_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.2307\/1382690","volume":"77","author":"JO Wolff","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wolff JO. Population fluctuations of mast-eating rodents are correlated with production of acorns. J Mammal. 1996;77:850\u20136.","journal-title":"J Mammal"},{"key":"4646_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5353.1023","volume":"279","author":"CG Jones","year":"1998","unstructured":"Jones CG, Ostfeld RS, Richard MP, Schauber EM, Wolff JO. Chain reactions linking acorns to gypsy moth outbreaks and Lyme disease risk. Science. 1998;279:1023\u20136.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4646_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(00)01862-0","volume":"15","author":"RS Ostfeld","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ostfeld RS, Keesing F. Pulsed resources and community dynamics of consumers in terrestrial ecosystems. Trends Ecol Evol. 2000;15:232\u20137.","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"4646_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.4098\/AT.arch.93-18","volume":"38","author":"Z Pucek","year":"1993","unstructured":"Pucek Z, J\u0119drzejewski W, J\u0119drzejewska B, Pucek M. Rodent population dynamics in a primeval deciduous forest (Bia\u0142owie\u017ca National Park) in relation to weather, seed crop, and predation. Acta Theriol. 1993;38:199\u2013232.","journal-title":"Acta Theriol"},{"key":"4646_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2000)081[0228:TIOACO]2.0.CO;2","volume":"81","author":"WJ McShea","year":"2000","unstructured":"McShea WJ. The influence of acorn crops on annual variation in rodent and bird populations. Ecology. 2000;81:228\u201338.","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"4646_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00378391","volume":"54","author":"TS Jensen","year":"1982","unstructured":"Jensen TS. Seed production and outbreaks of non-cyclic rodent populations in deciduous forests. Oecologia. 1982;54:184\u201392.","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"4646_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1296-9","volume":"9","author":"G Perez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Perez G, Bastian S, Agoulon A, Bouju A, Durand A, Faille F, et al. Effect of landscape features on the relationship between Ixodes ricinus ticks and their small mammal hosts. Parasites Vectors. 2016;9:20.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"issue":"284","key":"4646_CR76","first-page":"20170453","volume":"2017","author":"TR Hofmeester","year":"1859","unstructured":"Hofmeester TR, Jansen PA, Wijnen HJ, Coipan EC, Fonville M, Prins HHT, et al. Cascading effects of predator activity on tick-borne disease risk. Proc Royal Soc B. 1859;2017(284):20170453.","journal-title":"Proc Royal Soc B"},{"key":"4646_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baae.2016.01.002","volume":"17","author":"M Bogdziewicz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bogdziewicz M, Szymkowiak J. Oak acorn crop and Google search volume predict Lyme disease risk in temperate Europe. Basic Appl Ecol. 2016;17:300\u20137.","journal-title":"Basic Appl Ecol"},{"key":"4646_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2509.190684","volume":"25","author":"E Tkadlec","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tkadlec E, V\u00e1clav\u00edk T, \u0160irok\u00fd P. Rodent host abundance and climate variability as predictors of tickborne disease risk 1 year in advance. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25:1738.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"4646_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1890\/07-0665.1","volume":"89","author":"JL Brunner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brunner JL, Ostfeld RS. Multiple causes of variable tick burdens on small-mammal hosts. Ecology. 2008;89:2259\u201372.","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"4646_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/36.6.749","volume":"36","author":"K Schmidt","year":"1999","unstructured":"Schmidt K, Ostfeld RS, Schauber EM. Infestation of Peromyscus leucopus and Tamias striatus by Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in relation to the abundance of hosts and parasites. J Med Entomol. 1999;36:749\u201357.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"4646_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/44.2.372","volume":"44","author":"SE Rodgers","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rodgers SE, Zolnik CP, Mather TN. Duration of exposure to suboptimal atmospheric moisture affects nymphal blacklegged tick survival. J Med Entomol. 2007;44:372\u20135.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"4646_CR82","first-page":"159","volume":"28","author":"Z Hub\u00e1lek","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hub\u00e1lek Z, Halouzka J, Juricova Z. Host-seeking activity of ixodid ticks in relation to weather variables. J Vector Ecol. 2003;28:159\u201365.","journal-title":"J Vector Ecol"},{"key":"4646_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2007.12.001","volume":"212","author":"A Schwarz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schwarz A, Maier WA, Kistemann T, Kampen H. Analysis of the distribution of the tick Ixodes ricinus L. (Acari: Ixodidae) in a nature reserve of western Germany using geographic information systems. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2009;212:87\u201396.","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"4646_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-149","volume":"5","author":"S Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li S, Heyman P, Cochez C, Simons L, Vanwambeke SO. A multi-level analysis of the relationship between environmental factors and questing Ixodes ricinus dynamics in Belgium. Parasites Vectors. 2012;5:149.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"4646_CR85","first-page":"1","volume":"140","author":"M James","year":"2012","unstructured":"James M, Bowman A, Forbes K, Lewis F, McLeod J, Gilbert L. Environmental determinants of Ixodes ricinus ticks and the incidence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the agent of Lyme borreliosis, in Scotland. Parasitology. 2012;140:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"4646_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2014.12080.x","volume":"39","author":"D Kiewra","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kiewra D, Kryza M, Szymanowski M. Influence of selected meteorological variables on the questing activity of Ixodes ricinus ticks in Lower Silesia, SW Poland. J Vector Ecol. 2014;39:138\u201345.","journal-title":"J Vector Ecol"},{"key":"4646_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-39.5.723","volume":"39","author":"MA Benjamin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Benjamin MA, Zhioua E, Ostfeld RS. Laboratory and field evaluation of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycetes) for controlling questing adult Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol. 2002;39:723\u20138.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"4646_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2007.10.003","volume":"298","author":"K Hartelt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hartelt K, Wurst E, Collatz J, Zimmermann G, Kleespies RG, Oehme RM, et al. Biological control of the tick Ixodes ricinus with entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes: preliminary results from laboratory experiments. Int J Med Microbiol. 2008;298:314\u201320.","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"4646_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1603\/ME10111","volume":"47","author":"C Herrmann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Herrmann C, Gern L. Survival of Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) under challenging conditions of temperature and humidity is influenced by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection. J Med Entomol. 2010;47:1196\u2013204.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"4646_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182011002095","volume":"139","author":"C Herrmann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Herrmann C, Gern L. Do the level of energy reserves, hydration status and Borrelia infection influence walking by Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks? Parasitology. 2012;139:330\u20137.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"4646_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2013.05.002","volume":"4","author":"C Herrmann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Herrmann C, Gern L. Survival of Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs under cold conditions is negatively influenced by frequent temperature variations. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2013;4:445\u201351.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"4646_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0526-2","volume":"8","author":"C Herrmann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Herrmann C, Gern L. Search for blood or water is influenced by Borrelia burgdorferi in Ixodes ricinus. Parasites Vectors. 2015;8:6.","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"4646_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.12.010","volume":"43","author":"C Herrmann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Herrmann C, Voordouw MJ, Gern L. Ixodes ricinus ticks infected with the causative agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, have higher energy reserves. Int J Parasitol. 2013;43:477\u201383.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"4646_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000066336","volume":"113","author":"H Lefcort","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lefcort H, Durden LA. The effect of infection with Lyme disease spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi) on the phototaxis, activity, and questing height of the tick vector Ixodes scapularis. Parasitology. 1996;113(Pt 2):97\u2013103.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"4646_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(02)00030-9","volume":"32","author":"SE Randolph","year":"2002","unstructured":"Randolph SE, Green RM, Hoodless AN, Peacey MF. An empirical quantitative framework for the seasonal population dynamics of the tick Ixodes ricinus. Int J Parasitol. 2002;32:979\u201389.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"4646_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.12.013","volume":"35","author":"NH Ogden","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ogden NH, Bigras-Poulin M, O\u2019Callaghan CJ, Barker IK, Lindsay LR, Maarouf A, et al. A dynamic population model to investigate effects of climate on geographic range and seasonality of the tick Ixodes scapularis. Int J Parasitol. 2005;35:375\u201389.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"4646_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjv199","volume":"53","author":"RJ Eisen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eisen RJ, Eisen L, Ogden NH, Beard CB. Linkages of weather and climate with Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae), enzootic transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi, and Lyme disease in North America. J Med Entomol. 2016;53:250\u201361.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"4646_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.06.009","volume":"43","author":"M Pf\u00e4ffle","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pf\u00e4ffle M, Littwin N, Muders SV, Petney TN. The ecology of tick-borne diseases. Int J Parasitol. 2013;43:1059\u201377.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"4646_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"043001","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/11\/4\/043001","volume":"11","author":"T Hofmeester","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hofmeester T, Coipan E, Van Wieren S, Prins H, Takken W, Sprong H. Few vertebrate species dominate the Borrelia burgdorferi\u00a0sl life cycle. Environ Res Lett. 2016;11:043001.","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"key":"4646_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1890\/07-1047.1","volume":"89","author":"K LoGiudice","year":"2008","unstructured":"LoGiudice K, Duerr ST, Newhouse MJ, Schmidt KA, Killilea ME, Ostfeld RS. Impact of host community composition on Lyme disease risk. Ecology. 2008;89:2841\u20139.","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"4646_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0233733100","volume":"100","author":"K LoGiudice","year":"2003","unstructured":"LoGiudice K, Ostfeld RS, Schmidt KA, Keesing F. The ecology of infectious disease: effects of host diversity and community composition on Lyme disease risk. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100:567\u201371.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"4646_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/31.6.880","volume":"31","author":"L T\u00e4lleklint","year":"1994","unstructured":"T\u00e4lleklint L, Jaenson T. Transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. from mammal reservoirs to the primary vector of Lyme borreliosis, Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae), in Sweden. J Med Entomol. 1994;31:880\u20136.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04646-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04646-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04646-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T12:28:48Z","timestamp":1724675328000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04646-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4646"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04646-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"168"}}