{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T17:19:22Z","timestamp":1769188762762,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616025600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009874","name":"Regione Autonoma Friuli Venezia Giulia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009874","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009878","name":"Regione del Veneto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009878","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Recent climate and environmental changes have resulted in the geographical expansion of Mediterranean <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic> vectors towards northern latitudes and higher altitudes in different European countries, including Italy, where new foci of canine leishmaniasis have been observed in the northern part of the country. Northern Italy is also an endemic area for mosquito-borne diseases. During entomological surveillance for West Nile virus, mosquitoes and other hematophagous insects were collected, including Phlebotomine sand flies. In this study, we report the results of Phlebotomine sand fly identification during the entomological surveillance conducted from 2017 to 2019.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The northeastern plain of Italy was divided by a grid with a length of 15\u00a0km, and a CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-CDC trap was placed in each geographical unit. The traps were placed ~ 15\u00a0km apart. For each sampling site, geographical coordinates were recorded. The traps were operated every two weeks, from May to November. Sand flies collected by CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-CDC traps were identified by morphological and molecular analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>From 2017 to 2019, a total of 303 sand flies belonging to the species <jats:italic>Phlebotomus perniciosus<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009273), <jats:italic>Sergentomyia minuta<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20095), <jats:italic>P. mascittii<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092) and <jats:italic>P. perfiliewi<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092) were collected, along with 21 unidentified specimens. The trend for <jats:italic>P. perniciosus<\/jats:italic> collected during the entomological surveillance showed two peaks, one in July and a smaller one in September. Sand flies were collected at different altitudes, from \u22122\u00a0m above sea level (a.s.l.) to 145\u00a0m a.s.l. No correlation was observed between altitude and sand fly abundance.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Four Phlebotomine sand fly species are reported for the first time from the northeastern plain of Italy. Except for <jats:italic>S. minuta<\/jats:italic>, the sand fly species are competent vectors of <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> parasites and other arboviruses in the Mediterranean Basin. These findings demonstrate the ability of sand flies to colonize new environments previously considered unsuitable for these insects. Even though the density of the Phlebotomine sand fly population in the plain areas is consistently lower than that observed in hilly and low mountainous areas, the presence of these vectors could herald the onset of epidemic outbreaks of leishmaniasis and other arthropod-borne diseases in areas previously considered non-endemic.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04652-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T14:03:49Z","timestamp":1616594629000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Occurrence of Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the northeastern plain of Italy"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8886-3315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Michelutti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Toniolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Bertola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marika","family":"Grillini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Simonato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Ravagnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Montarsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"4652_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.15.10.19507-en","volume":"15","author":"J Depaquit","year":"2010","unstructured":"Depaquit J, Grandadam M, Fouque F, Andry PE, Peyrefitte C. Arthropod-borne viruses transmitted by Phlebotomine sandflies in Europe: a review. Eurosurveillance. 2010;15:40\u20137.","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"4652_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2012.01034.x","volume":"27","author":"M Maroli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maroli M, Feliciangeli MD, Bichaud L, Charrel RN, Gradoni L. Phlebotomine sandflies and the spreading of leishmaniases and other diseases of public health concern. Med Vet Entomol. 2013;27:123\u201347.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"4652_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-120811-153557","volume":"58","author":"PD Ready","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ready PD. Biology of phlebotomine sand flies as vectors of disease agents. Annu Rev Entomol. 2013;58:227\u201350.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"key":"4652_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00255.x","volume":"4","author":"R Killick-Kendrick","year":"1990","unstructured":"Killick-Kendrick R. Phlebotomine vectors of the leishmaniasis: a review. Med Vet Entomol. 1990;4:1\u201324.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"4652_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.15.10.19505-en","volume":"15","author":"PD Ready","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ready PD. Leishmaniasis emergence in Europe. Eurosurveillance. 2010;15:29\u201339.","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"4652_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004458","volume":"10","author":"B Alten","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alten B, Maia C, Afonso MO, Campino L, Jim\u00e9nez M, Gonz\u00e1lez E, et al. Seasonal dynamics of Phlebotomine sand fly species proven vectors of Mediterranean Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10:1\u201322.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"4652_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2013.18.30.20540","volume":"18","author":"M Antoniou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Antoniou M, Gramiccia M, Molina R, Dvorak V, Volf P. The role of indigenous phlebotomine sandflies and mammals in the spreading of leishmaniasis agents in the Mediterranean region. Eurosurveillance. 2013;18:1\u20138.","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"4652_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1407.071589","volume":"14","author":"JC Dujardin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dujardin JC, Campino L, Ca\u00f1avate C, Dedet JP, Gradoni L, Soteriadou K, et al. Spread of vector-borne diseases and neglect of leishmaniasis. Europe Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:1013\u20138.","journal-title":"Europe Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"4652_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.27.2.1803","volume":"27","author":"PD Ready","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ready PD. Leishmaniasis emergence and climate change. OIE Rev Sci Tech. 2008;27:399\u2013412.","journal-title":"OIE Rev Sci Tech"},{"key":"4652_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1407","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001407","volume":"5","author":"D Fischer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fischer D, Moeller P, Thomas SM, Naucke TJ, Beierkuhnlein C. Combining climatic projections and dispersal ability: a method for estimating the responses of sandfly vector species to climate change. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5:e1407.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"4652_CR11","first-page":"193","volume":"46","author":"G Capelli","year":"2004","unstructured":"Capelli G, Baldelli R, Ferroglio E, Genchi C, Gradoni L, Gramiccia M, et al. Monitoring of canine leishmaniasis in northern Italy: an update from a scientific network. Parassitologia. 2004;46:193\u20137.","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"4652_CR12","first-page":"157","volume":"49","author":"R Cassini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cassini R, Signorini M, di Regalbono AF, Natale A, Montarsi F, Zanaica M, et al. Preliminary study of the effects of preventive measures on the prevalence of Canine Leishmaniosis in a recently established focus in northern Italy. Vet Ital. 2013;49:157\u201361.","journal-title":"Vet Ital"},{"key":"4652_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1110.040966","volume":"11","author":"E Ferroglio","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ferroglio E, Maroli M, Gastaldo S, Mignone W, Rossi L. Canine leishmaniasis, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1618\u201320.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"4652_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01998.x","volume":"13","author":"M Maroli","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maroli M, Rossi L, Baldelli R, Capelli G, Ferroglio E, Genchi C, et al. The northward spread of leishmaniasis in Italy: evidence from retrospective and ongoing studies on the canine reservoir and phlebotomine vectors. Trop Med Int Heal. 2008;13:256\u201364.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Heal"},{"key":"4652_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2009.214","volume":"4","author":"G Morosetti","year":"2009","unstructured":"Morosetti G, Bongiorno G, Beran B, Scalone A, Moser J, Gramiccia M, et al. Risk assessment for canine leishmaniasis spreading in the north of Italy. Geospat Health. 2009;4:115\u201327.","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"key":"4652_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-2-S1-S2","volume":"2","author":"D Otranto","year":"2009","unstructured":"Otranto D, Capelli G, Genchi C. Changing distribution patterns of canine vector-borne diseases in Italy: Leishmaniosis vs. dirofilariosis. Parasit Vect. 2009;2:1\u20138.","journal-title":"Parasit Vect"},{"key":"4652_CR17","first-page":"436","volume":"46","author":"R Romi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Romi R. Arthropod-borne diseases in Italy: from a neglected matter to an emerging health problem. Ann Ist Super Sanit\u00e0. 2010;46:436\u201343.","journal-title":"Ann Ist Super Sanit\u00e0"},{"key":"4652_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2013.12053.x","volume":"38","author":"M Signorini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Signorini M, Drigo M, Marcer F, di Regalbono AF, Gasparini G, Montarsi F, et al. Comparative field study to evaluate the performance of three different traps for collecting sand flies in northeastern Italy. J Vector Ecol. 2013;38:374\u20138.","journal-title":"J Vector Ecol"},{"key":"4652_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2014.16","volume":"9","author":"M Signorini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Signorini M, Cassini R, Drigo M, di Regalbono AF, Pietrobelli M, Montarsi F, et al. Ecological niche model of Phlebotomus perniciosus, the main vector of canine leishmaniasis in north-eastern Italy. Geospat Health. 2014;9:193\u2013201.","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"key":"4652_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8837367","volume":"2020","author":"G Simonato","year":"2020","unstructured":"Simonato G, Marchiori E, Marcer F, Ravagnan S, Danesi P, Montarsi F, et al. Canine Leishmaniosis control through the promotion of preventive measures appropriately adopted by citizens. J Parasitol Res. 2020;2020:1\u20137.","journal-title":"J Parasitol Res"},{"key":"4652_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4869","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10104869","volume":"10","author":"O Engler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Engler O, Savini G, Papa A, Figuerola J, Groschup MH, Kampen H, et al. European surveillance for West Nile virus in mosquito populations. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2013;10:4869\u201395.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"4652_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0812.020234","volume":"8","author":"GL Autorino","year":"2002","unstructured":"Autorino GL, Battisti A, Deubel V, Ferrari G, Forletta R, Giovannini A, et al. West Nile virus epidemic in horses, Tuscany region. Italy Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8:1372\u20138.","journal-title":"Italy Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"4652_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1159\/000446219","volume":"43","author":"G Pisani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pisani G, Cristiano K, Pupella S, Liumbruno GM. West Nile virus in Europe and safety of blood transfusion. Transfus Med Hemotherapy. 2016;43:158\u201367.","journal-title":"Transfus Med Hemotherapy"},{"key":"4652_CR24","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"G Paternoster","year":"2017","unstructured":"Paternoster G, Tomassone L, Tamba M, Chiari M, Lavazza A, Piazzi M, et al. The degree of one health implementation in the West Nile virus integrated surveillance in northern Italy, 2016. Front Public Heal. 2017;5:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Front Public Heal"},{"key":"4652_CR25","unstructured":"QGIS. https:\/\/www.qgis.org. Accessed 20 Jan 2021."},{"key":"4652_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0479-5","volume":"7","author":"F Dantas-Torres","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dantas-Torres F, Tarallo VD, Otranto D. Morphological keys for the identification of Italian Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae). Parasit Vect. 2014;7:1\u20136.","journal-title":"Parasit Vect"},{"key":"4652_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-2089-3_2","volume-title":"New horizons in insect science: towards sustainable pest management","author":"SK Jalali","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jalali SK, Ojha R, Venkatesan T. New horizons in insect science: towards sustainable pest management. New Delhi: Springer; 2015. p. 13\u201323."},{"key":"4652_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.052","volume":"179","author":"R Baldelli","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baldelli R, Piva S, Salvatore D, Parigi M, Melloni O, Tamba M, et al. Canine leishmaniasis surveillance in a northern Italy kennel. Vet Parasitol (Elsevier BV). 2011;179:57\u201361.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol (Elsevier B.V)"},{"key":"4652_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1362","volume":"14","author":"A Santi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Santi A, Renzi M, Baldelli R, Calzolari M, Caminiti A, Dell\u2019anna S, et al. A surveillance program on canine leishmaniasis in the public kennels of Emilia-Romagna region, northern Italy. Vect Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2014;14:206\u201311.","journal-title":"Vect Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"4652_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182011000953","volume":"138","author":"SD Bar\u00f3n","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bar\u00f3n SD, Morillas-M\u00e1rquez F, Morales-Yuste M, D\u00edaz-S\u00e1ez V, Irigaray C, Mart\u00edn-S\u00e1nchez J. Risk maps for the presence and absence of Phlebotomus perniciosus in an endemic area of leishmaniasis in southern Spain: implications for the control of the disease. Parasitology. 2011;138:1234\u201344.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"4652_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7120644","volume":"7","author":"M Calzolari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Calzolari M, Carra E, Rugna G, Bonilauri P, Bergamini F, Bellini R, et al. Isolation and molecular typing of Leishmania infantum from Phlebotomus perfiliewi in a reemerging focus of leishmaniasis, northeastern Italy. Microorganisms. 2019;7:644.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"4652_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2008.11.009","volume":"87","author":"C Maresca","year":"2009","unstructured":"Maresca C, Scoccia E, Barizzone F, Catalano A, Mancini S, Pagliacci T, et al. A survey on canine Leishmaniasis and Phlebotomine sand flies in central Italy. Res Vet Sci Elsevier Ltd. 2009;87:36\u20138.","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci Elsevier Ltd"},{"key":"4652_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2014.04.034","volume":"137","author":"F Dantas-Torres","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dantas-Torres F, Tarallo VD, Latrofa MS, Falchi A, Lia RP, Otranto D. Ecology of phlebotomine sand flies and Leishmania infantum infection in a rural area of southern Italy. Acta Trop (Elsevier BV). 2014;137:67\u201373.","journal-title":"Acta Trop (Elsevier B.V.)"},{"key":"4652_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-3929-2","volume":"113","author":"J Mill\u00e1n","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mill\u00e1n J, Ferroglio E, Solano-Gallego L. Role of wildlife in the epidemiology of Leishmania infantum infection in Europe. Parasitol Res. 2014;113:2005\u201314.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"4652_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.48.20978","volume":"19","author":"M Calzolari","year":"2014","unstructured":"Calzolari M, Angelini P, Finarelli AC, Cagarelli R, Bellini R, Albieri A, et al. Human and entomological surveillance of Toscana virus in the Emilia-Romagna region, Italy, 2010 to 2012. Eurosurveillance. 2014;19:14\u201322.","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"4652_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2573-y","volume":"11","author":"M Calzolari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Calzolari M, Chiapponi C, Bellini R, Bonilauri P, Lelli D, Moreno A, et al. Isolation of three novel reassortant phleboviruses, Ponticelli I, II, III, and of Toscana virus from field-collected sand flies in Italy. Parasit Vect Parasites Vect. 2018;11:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Parasit Vect Parasites Vect"},{"key":"4652_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2597074","volume":"2018","author":"M Calzolari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Calzolari M, Rugna G, Clementi E, Carra E, Pinna M, Bergamini F, et al. Isolation of a trypanosome related to Trypanosoma theileri (Kinetoplastea: Trypanosomatidae) from Phlebotomus perfiliewi (Diptera: Psychodidae). Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:1\u20138.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"4652_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-3884-y","volume":"113","author":"C Melaun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Melaun C, Kr\u00fcger A, Werblow A, Klimpel S. New record of the suspected leishmaniasis vector Phlebotomus (Transphlebotomus) mascittii Grassi, 1908 (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae)\u2014the northernmost phlebotomine sandfly occurrence in the Palearctic region. Parasitol Res. 2014;113:2295\u2013301.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"4652_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1750-8","volume":"9","author":"AG Obwaller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Obwaller AG, Karakus M, Poeppl W, T\u00f6z S, \u00d6zbel Y, Asp\u00f6ck H, et al. Could Phlebotomus mascittii play a role as a natural vector for Leishmania infantum? New data. Parasit Vect. 2016;9:1\u20136.","journal-title":"Parasit Vect"},{"key":"4652_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.10.023","volume":"199","author":"S Zanet","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zanet S, Sposimo P, Trisciuoglio A, Giannini F, Strumia F, Ferroglio E. Epidemiology of Leishmania infantum, Toxoplasma gondii, and Neospora caninum in Rattus rattus in absence of domestic reservoir and definitive hosts. Vet Parasitol Elsevier BV. 2014;199:247\u20139.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol Elsevier B.V"},{"key":"4652_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2019.05.009","volume":"49","author":"S Vaselek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vaselek S, Volf P. Experimental infection of Phlebotomus perniciosus and Phlebotomus tobbi with different Leishmania tropica strains. Int J Parasitol. 2019;49:831\u20135.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"4652_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2361-0","volume":"109","author":"TJ Naucke","year":"2011","unstructured":"Naucke TJ, Lorentz S, Rauchenwald F, Asp\u00f6ck H. Phlebotomus (Transphlebotomus) mascittii Grassi, 1908, in Carinthia: first record of the occurrence of sandflies in Austria (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae). Parasitol Res. 2011;109:1161\u20134.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"4652_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(88)90421-X","volume":"82","author":"M Maroli","year":"1988","unstructured":"Maroli M, Gramiccia M, Gradoni L, Read PD, Smith DF, Aquino C. Natural infections of phlebotomine sandflies with Trypanosomatidae in central and south Italy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1988;82:227\u20138.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"4652_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2018.12.009","volume":"49","author":"G Bongiorno","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bongiorno G, Di Muccio T, Bianchi R, Gramiccia M, Gradoni L. Laboratory transmission of an Asian strain of Leishmania tropica by the bite of the southern European sand fly Phlebotomus perniciosus. Int J Parasitol Aust Soc Parasitolog Inc. 2019;49:417\u201321.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Aust Soc Parasitolog Inc"},{"key":"4652_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2018.08.015","volume":"26","author":"RN Charrel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Charrel RN, Berenger JM, Laroche M, Ayhan N, Bitam I, Delaunay P, et al. Neglected vector-borne bacterial diseases and arboviruses in the Mediterranean area. N Microbes N Infect Elsevier Ltd. 2018;26:S31\u20136.","journal-title":"N Microbes N Infect Elsevier Ltd"},{"key":"4652_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.09.020","volume":"153","author":"C Cotteaux-Lautard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cotteaux-Lautard C, Leparc-goffart I, Berenger JM, Plumet S, Pages F. Phenology and host preferences Phlebotomus perniciosus (Diptera: Phlebotominae) in a focus of Toscana virus (TOSV) in South of France. Acta Trop Elsevier BV. 2016;153:64\u20139.","journal-title":"Acta Trop Elsevier B.V"},{"key":"4652_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2006.01.001","volume":"97","author":"S Guernaoui","year":"2006","unstructured":"Guernaoui S, Boumezzough A, Laamrani A. Altitudinal structuring of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the High-Atlas mountains (Morocco) and its relation to the risk of leishmaniasis transmission. Acta Trop. 2006;97:346\u201351.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"4652_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2135-3","volume":"10","author":"J Risue\u00f1o","year":"2017","unstructured":"Risue\u00f1o J, Mu\u00f1oz C, P\u00e9rez-Cutillas P, Goyena E, Gonz\u00e1lvez M, Ortu\u00f1o M, et al. Understanding Phlebotomus perniciosus abundance in south-east Spain: assessing the role of environmental and anthropic factors. Parasit Vect. 2017;10:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Parasit Vect"},{"key":"4652_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1250-2","volume":"8","author":"J Prudhomme","year":"2015","unstructured":"Prudhomme J, Rahola N, Toty C, Cassan C, Roiz D, Vergnes B, et al. Ecology and spatiotemporal dynamics of sandflies in the Mediterranean Languedoc region (Roquedur area, Gard, France). Parasit Vect. 2015;8:1\u201314.","journal-title":"Parasit Vect"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04652-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04652-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04652-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T08:09:37Z","timestamp":1675066177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04652-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4652"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04652-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"164"}}