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Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) play crucial roles in the immune responses generated during parasitic infection and also drive the inflammatory response against invading parasites. However, little is known about the regulation of NLRs and inflammasome activation in\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      -infected human small intestinal epithelial (FHs 74 Int) cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      FHs 74 Int cells infected with\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      were subsequently evaluated for morphological changes, cytotoxicity, expression profiles of NLRs, inflammasome components, caspase-cleaved interleukins (ILs), and the mechanisms of NLRP3 and NLRP6 inflammasome activation. Immunocytochemistry, lactate dehydrogenase assay, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real-time quantitative RT-PCR, and western blotting techniques were utilized for analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Under normal and\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      -infected conditions, members of the NLRs, inflammasome components and caspase-cleaved ILs were expressed in the FHs Int 74 cells, except for NLRC3, NLRP5, and NLRP9. Among the NLRs, mRNA expression of\n                      <jats:italic>NOD2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>NLRP3<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>NLRP6<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>NAIP1<\/jats:italic>\n                      was significantly increased in\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      -infected cells, whereas that of\n                      <jats:italic>NLRP2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>NLRP7<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>CIITA<\/jats:italic>\n                      mRNAs decreased significantly in a time-dependent manner. In addition,\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection induced NLRP3, NLRP6 and NLRC4 inflammasome activation and production of IL-1\u03b2, IL-18, and IL-33 in FHs 74 Int cells.\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      -induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation was strongly associated with the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK; however, JNK1\/2 had a weak effect. NLRP6 inflammasome activation was not related to the MAPK pathway in FHs 74 Int cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study highlighted the expression profiles of NLRs and unraveled the underlying mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      -infected FHs 74 Int cells. These findings may contribute to understanding of the mucosal and innate immune responses induced by the NLRs and inflammasomes during\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection in FHs 74 Int cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04666-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T02:02:44Z","timestamp":1615514564000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Expression profiles of NOD-like receptors and regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in Toxoplasma gondii-infected human small intestinal epithelial cells"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jia-Qi","family":"Chu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei Fei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiyun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunchao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaobin","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinhui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang Hyuk","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan-Hua","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Young-Ha","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"4666_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05013-11","volume":"25","author":"F Robert-Gangneux","year":"2012","unstructured":"Robert-Gangneux F, Dard\u00e9 ML. 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