{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T14:52:00Z","timestamp":1780930320487,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618963200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Cystic echinococcosis (CE) has a worldwide distribution and is especially prevalent in North African countries. With a mean annual surgical incidence (ASI) of CE of 12.7 per 100,000 inhabitants, Tunisia is one of the most CE endemic countries in the Mediterranean area. Tataouine governorate is considered to be the most CE hypoendemic region in Tunisia (ASI\u2009=\u20090.92) despite favourable socioeconomic conditions that enable maintenance of the <jats:italic>Echinococcus granulosus<\/jats:italic><jats:italic>sensu lato<\/jats:italic>\u00a0(<jats:italic>s.l<\/jats:italic>.) life-cycle and a significant environmental contamination with <jats:italic>E. granulosus<\/jats:italic><jats:italic>s.l<\/jats:italic>. eggs. The aim of this study was to assess human CE seroprevalence, prevalence of CE in food animals and environmental contamination by <jats:italic>E. granulosus <\/jats:italic><jats:italic>s.l.<\/jats:italic> eggs in different districts of Tataouine governorate.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study was conducted from January to December 2018. A total of 374 human sera samples were tested for the presence of immunoglobulin G antibodies against <jats:italic>E. granulosus<\/jats:italic> using a commercial ELISA kit. Specimens were also collected from animals slaughtered at the Tataouine abattoir (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20098609) and examined for the presence of hydatid cysts; 111 hydatid cysts were genotyped. Eggs of <jats:italic>E. granulosus<\/jats:italic><jats:italic>s.l.<\/jats:italic> were identified by PCR and DNA sequencing from dog faecal samples (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009288).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Serological tests showed that 8.5% of the sera samples tested were positive for <jats:italic>E. granulosus<\/jats:italic>-specific antibodies. The average prevalence of hydatidosis in livestock was 1.6%, and CE infection was more prevalent in cattle than in sheep, goats and dromedaries. The contamination rate of dog faeces by <jats:italic>E. granulosus sensu stricto<\/jats:italic> eggs varied significantly from 0 to 23.5% depending on the collection area. Molecular analyses only revealed the presence of the G1 genotype for cysts and eggs.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Based on our findings, CE is likely to be more endemic in the Tataouine governorate than previously described. Thus, to implement an effective control programme against CE, a national survey should be carried out to determine human CE prevalence in the different Tunisian governorates.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04714-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T08:05:36Z","timestamp":1618992336000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Human and animal cystic echinococcosis in Tataouine governorate: hypoendemic area in a hyperendemic country, myth or reality?"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Selim","family":"M\u2019rad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raja","family":"Cha\u00e2bane-Banaoues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massaouda","family":"Ghrab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamouda","family":"Babba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myriam","family":"Oudni-M\u2019rad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"4714_CR1","unstructured":"FAO\/WHO. Multicriteria-based ranking for risk management of food-borne parasites. Microbiological Risk Assessment Series No. 23. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations\/World Health Organization, 2014. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/112672\/9789241564700_eng.pdf?sequence=1. Accessed 05 Jan 2021."},{"key":"4714_CR2","unstructured":"WHO. Echinococcosis fact sheet. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/echinococcosis. Accessed 05 Jan 2021."},{"key":"4714_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.06.011","volume":"99","author":"MM Majorowski","year":"2005","unstructured":"Majorowski MM, Carabin H, Kilani M, Bensalah A. Echinococcosis in Tunisia: a cost analysis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2005;99:268\u201378.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"4714_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.02.004","volume":"36","author":"F Tamarozzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tamarozzi F, Deplazes P, Casulli A. Reinventing the wheel of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato transmission to Humans. Trends Parasitol. 2020;36:427\u201334.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"4714_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00075","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00075-18","volume":"32","author":"H Wen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wen H, Vuitton L, Tuxun T, Li J, Vuitton DA, Zhang W, et al. Echinococcosis: advances in the 21st Century. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2019;32:e00075-e118.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"4714_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.09.006","volume":"40","author":"M Nakao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nakao M, Li T, Han X, Ma X, Xiao N, Qiu J, et al. Genetic polymorphisms of Echinococcus tapeworms in China as determined by mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Int J Parasitol. 2010;40:379\u201385.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"4714_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182006001934","volume":"134","author":"M Nakao","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nakao M, McManus DP, Schantz PM, Craig PS, Ito A. A molecular phylogeny of the genus Echinococcus inferred from complete mitochondrial genomes. Parasitology. 2007;134:713\u201322.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"4714_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.10.013","volume":"38","author":"M H\u00fcttner","year":"2008","unstructured":"H\u00fcttner M, Nakao M, Wassermann T, Siefert L, Boomker JDF, Dinkel A, et al. Genetic characterization and phylogenetic position of Echinococcus felidis Ortlepp, 1937 (Cestoda: Taeniidae) from the African lion. Int J Parasitol. 2008;38:861\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"4714_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.07.035","volume":"213","author":"T Romig","year":"2015","unstructured":"Romig T, Ebi D, Wassermann M. Taxonomy and molecular epidemiology of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. Vet parasitol. 2015;213:76\u201384.","journal-title":"Vet parasitol"},{"key":"4714_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.08.009","volume":"174","author":"A Dakkak","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dakkak A. Echinococcosis\/hydatidosis: a severe threat in Mediterranean countries. Vet Parasitol. 2010;174:2\u201311.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"4714_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.11.001","volume":"95","author":"P Deplazes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Deplazes P, Rinaldi L, Alvarez Rojas CA, Torgerson PR, Harandi MF, Romig T, et al. Global distribution of alveolar and cystic echinococcosis. Adv Parasitol. 2017;95:315\u2013493.","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"4714_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/tru138","volume":"108","author":"B Boufana","year":"2014","unstructured":"Boufana B, Lahmar S, Rebai W, Ben Safta Z, Jebabli L, Ammar A, et al. Genetic variability and haplotypes of Echinococcus isolates from Tunisia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2014;108:706\u201314.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"4714_CR13","first-page":"56","volume-title":"Current topics in echinococcosis","author":"M Oudni-M\u2019rad","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oudni-M\u2019rad M, M\u2019rad S, Babba H. Molecular and epidemiology data on cystic echinococcosis in Tunisia. In: Current topics in echinococcosis. London: InTech; 2015. p. 56\u201374."},{"key":"4714_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.09.006","volume":"96","author":"P Kern","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kern P, Menezes da Silva A, Akhan O, M\u00fcllhaupt B, Vizcaychipi KA, Budke C, et al. The echinococcoses: diagnosis, clinical management and burden of disease. Adv Parasitol. 2017;96:259\u2013369.","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"4714_CR15","first-page":"43","volume":"87","author":"MK Chahed","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chahed MK, Bellali H, Touini H, Cherif R, Ben Safta Z, Essoussi M, et al. L\u2019incidence chirurgicale du kyste hydatique en Tunisie: r\u00e9sultats de l\u2019enqu\u00eate 2001\u20132005 et tendance \u00e9volutive entre 1977\u20132005. Arch Inst Pasteur Tunis. 2010;87:43\u201352.","journal-title":"Arch Inst Pasteur Tunis"},{"key":"4714_CR16","first-page":"33","volume":"93","author":"MK Chahed","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chahed MK, Bellali H, Ben Alaya N, Aoun K, Zouari B. High risk areas for echinococcosis-hydatidosis in Tunisia. Tunis Med. 2015;93:33\u20137.","journal-title":"Tunis Med"},{"key":"4714_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0832-3","volume":"8","author":"R Cha\u00e2bane-Banaoues","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cha\u00e2bane-Banaoues R, Oudni-M\u2019rad M, Cabaret J, M\u2019rad S, Mezhoud H, Babba H. Infection of dogs with Echinococcus granulosus: causes and consequences in an hyperendemic area. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:231.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4714_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cha\u00e2bane-Banaoues R, Oudni-M\u2019rad M, M\u2019rad S, Mezhoud H, Babba H. Environmental contamination by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato eggs in relation to slaughterhouses in urban and rural areas in Tunisia. Korean J Parasitol. 2016;54(1):113\u20138.","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2016.54.1.113"},{"key":"4714_CR19","unstructured":"Ministry of Development Investment and International Cooperation. Gouvernorat de Tataouine en chiffres. 2019. http:\/\/www.ods.nat.tn\/upload\/CHIFTATAOUINE. Accessed 05 Jan 2021."},{"key":"4714_CR20","unstructured":"Ammar H, Bodas R, Ben Younes M, L\u00f3pez S. Goat breeding systems in the south of Tunisia (Tataouine). In : Bernu\u00e9s A, Boutonnet JP, Casas\u00fas I, Chentouf M, Gabi\u00f1a D, Joy M, L\u00f3pez-Francos A , Morand-Fehr P , Pacheco F, editors. Economic, social and environmental sustainability in sheep and goat production systems. Zaragoza: CIHEAM\/FAO\/CITADGA; 2011. p. 283\u20138."},{"key":"4714_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-48996-2","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of parasitology","author":"H Mehlhorn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mehlhorn H. Encyclopedia of parasitology. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer; 2008."},{"key":"4714_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2003.12.013","volume":"34","author":"A Dinkel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dinkel A, Njoroge EM, Zimmermann A, Walz M, Zeyhle E, Elmahdi IE, et al. A PCR system for detection of species and genotypes of the Echinococcus granulosus-complex, with reference to the epidemiological situation in eastern Africa. Int J Parasitol. 2004;34:645\u201353.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"4714_CR23","first-page":"1","volume":"2015","author":"A Hizem","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hizem A, M\u2019rad S, Oudni-M\u2019rad M, Mestiri S, Hammedi F, Mezhoud H, et al. Molecular genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded preparations from human isolates in unusual tissue sites. J Helminthol. 2015;2015:1\u20135.","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"4714_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(98)00126-X","volume":"28","author":"RB Gasser","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gasser RB, Zhu X, McManus DP. Dideoxy fingerprinting: application to the genotyping of Echinococcus. Int J Parasitol. 1998;28:1775\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"4714_CR25","volume-title":"Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual","author":"J Sambrook","year":"1989","unstructured":"Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 1989."},{"key":"4714_CR26","first-page":"20392","volume":"7","author":"AAA Bernawi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bernawi AAA, Ayed NB, Allaa AHME, Khalil EAG. Sero-prevalence and exposure rates of humans to Echinococcus granulosus infection in southern libya. Int J Curr Res. 2015;7:20392\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Curr Res"},{"key":"4714_CR27","unstructured":"Ministry of Regional Development and Planning. Gouvernorat de Tataouine: L'indicateur de d\u00e9veloppement r\u00e9gional-Pointer les difficult\u00e9s pour orienter les efforts et suivre le progr\u00e8s. 2012. http:\/\/www.mpci.gov.tn\/tn\/Gov\/indica\/Tataouine.pdf. Accessed 05 Jan 2021."},{"key":"4714_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patbio.2011.03.002","volume":"60","author":"S M\u2019rad","year":"2012","unstructured":"M\u2019rad S, Oudni-M\u2019rad M, Boubaker G, Bouazzi L, Gorcii M, Nouri A, et al. Retrospective study of the distribution and the fertility of hydatid cysts in the child in Tunisia. Patholog Biol. 2012;60:166\u20139.","journal-title":"Patholog Biol"},{"key":"4714_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patbio.2013.03.001","volume":"61","author":"H Zait","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zait H, Achir I, Guerchani MK, Hamrioui B. Profil \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique de 290 cas d\u2019\u00e9chinococcose kystique humaine diagnostiqu\u00e9s au CHU Mustapha d\u2019Alger (2006 \u00e0 2011). Pathol Biol. 2013;61:193\u20138.","journal-title":"Pathol Biol"},{"key":"4714_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6372-y","volume":"19","author":"S Thys","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thys S, Sahibi H, Gabriel S, Rahali T, Lefevre P, Rhalem A, et al. Community perception and knowledge of cystic echinococcosis in the High Atlas Mountains, Morocco. BMC Public Health. 2019;19:118.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"4714_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-015-0082-9","volume":"4","author":"I El Berbri","year":"2015","unstructured":"El Berbri I, Ducrotoy MJ, Petavy AF, Fassifihri O, Shaw AP, Bouslikhane M, et al. Knowledge, attitudes and practices with regard to the presence, transmission, impact, and control of cystic echinococcosis in Sidi Kacem Province, Morocco. Infect Dis Poverty. 2015;4:48.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"96","key":"4714_CR32","first-page":"320","volume":"2003","author":"M Besbes","year":"1990","unstructured":"Besbes M, Sellami H, Cheikhrouhou F, Makni F, Ayadi A. Clandestine slaughtering in Tunisia: investigation on the knowledge and practices of butchers concerning hydatidosis. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 1990;2003(96):320\u20132.","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot"},{"key":"4714_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S40","DOI":"10.1016\/S0399-077X(07)80016-3","volume":"37","author":"K Aoun","year":"2007","unstructured":"Aoun K, Bouratbine A. Epidemiological data concerning hydatidosis in Tunisia. Med Mal Infect. 2007;37:S40\u20132.","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"key":"4714_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1017\/pao.2017.21","volume":"3","author":"S Lahmar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lahmar S, Arfa I, Ben Othmen S, Jguirim W, Sa\u00efd Y, Dhibi A, et al. Intestinal helminths of stray dogs from Tunisia with special reference to zoonotic infections. Parasitol Open. 2017;3:e18.","journal-title":"Parasitol Open"},{"key":"4714_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.2001.11813616","volume":"95","author":"S Lahmar","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lahmar S, Kilani M, Torgerson PR. Frequency distributions of Echinococcus granulosus and other helminths in stray dogs in Tunisia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2001;95:69\u201376.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"4714_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.2174\/1874318809003010064","volume":"3","author":"B Bentounsi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bentounsi B, Meradi S, Ayachi A, Cabaret J. Cestodes of untreated large stray dog populations in Algeria: a reservoir for herbivore and human parasitic diseases. Tovsj. 2009;3:64\u20137.","journal-title":"Tovsj"},{"key":"4714_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.03.004","volume":"130","author":"IE Buishi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Buishi IE, Njoroge EM, Bouamra O, Craig PS. Canine echinococcosis in northwest Libya: assessment of coproantigen ELISA, and a survey of infection with analysis of risk-factors. Vet Parasitol. 2005;130:223\u201332.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"4714_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.02.016","volume":"121","author":"S Lahmar","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lahmar S, Debbek H, Zhang LH, McManus DP, Souissi A, Chelly S, et al. Transmission dynamics of the Echinococcus granulosus sheep-dog strain (G1 genotype) in camels in Tunisia. Vet Parasitol. 2004;121:151\u20136.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"4714_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X12000430","volume":"87","author":"S Lahmar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lahmar S, Trifi M, Ben Naceur S, Bouchhima T, Lahouar N, Lamouchi I, et al. Cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered domestic ruminants from Tunisia. J Helminthol. 2013;87:318\u201325.","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"4714_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X19000038","volume":"94","author":"P Sanchez Thevenet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sanchez Thevenet P, Alvarez HM, Torrecillas C, Jensen O, Basualdo JA. Dispersion of Echinococcus granulosus eggs from infected dogs under natural conditions in Patagonia, Argentina. J Helminthol. 2019;94:e29.","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"4714_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1515\/ap-2018-0027","volume":"63","author":"VM Vaidya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vaidya VM, Zende RJ, Paturkar AM, Gatne ML, Dighe DG, Waghmare RN, et al. Cystic echinococcosis in animals and humans of Maharashtra State, India. Acta Parasitol. 2018;63:232\u201343.","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol"},{"key":"4714_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-6118-x","volume":"118","author":"AE Laatamna","year":"2019","unstructured":"Laatamna AE, Ebi D, Brahimi K, Bediaf K, Wassermann M, Souttou K, et al. Frequency and genetic diversity of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto in sheep and cattle from the steppe region of Djelfa, Algeria. Parasitol Res. 2019;118:89\u201396.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"4714_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.01.003","volume":"137","author":"R Azlaf","year":"2006","unstructured":"Azlaf R, Dakkak A. Epidemiological study of the cystic echinococcosis in Morocco. Vet Parasitol. 2006;137:83\u201393.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"4714_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.02.006","volume":"129","author":"S Mrad","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mrad S, Filisetti D, Oudni M, Mekki M, Belguith M, Nouri A, et al. Molecular evidence of ovine (G1) and camel (G6) strains of Echinococcus granulosus in Tunisia and putative role of cattle in human contamination. Vet Parasitol. 2005;129(3\u20134):267\u201372.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"4714_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2018.03.006","volume":"48","author":"L Kinkar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kinkar L, Laurimae T, Acosta-Jamett G, Andresiuk V, Balkaya I, Casulli A, et al. Global phylogeography and genetic diversity of the zoonotic tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto genotype G1. Int J Parasitol. 2018;48:729\u201342.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"4714_CR46","first-page":"311","volume":"29","author":"M Robbana","year":"1981","unstructured":"Robbana M, Ben Rachid MS, Zitouna MM, Heldt N, Hafsia M. Premi\u00e8re observation d\u2019\u00e9chinococcose alv\u00e9olaire autochtone en Tunisie. Arch Anat Cytol Path. 1981;29:311\u20132.","journal-title":"Arch Anat Cytol Path"},{"key":"4714_CR47","first-page":"723","volume":"78","author":"MM Zitouna","year":"1985","unstructured":"Zitouna MM, Boubaker S, Dallagi K, Ben Safta Z, Hadj Salah H, Robbana M, et al. Alveolar echinococcosis in Tunisia. A propos of 2 cases. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 1985;78:723\u20138.","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04714-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04714-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04714-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]],"date-time":"2022-10-29T07:08:55Z","timestamp":1667027335000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04714-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4714"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04714-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 June 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was carried out according to the Declaration of Helsinki Principles and all Tunisian pertinent regulations. The Ethics Committee of the High Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir (ISBM, Tunisia) validated the sampling procedures and the design of the study. Human serum samples were derived from a pre-existing collection of sera at the Tataouine Regional Hospital (Tunisia). The cyst samples from animals were collected during post-mortem examination, with the due consent of the veterinary officer, within the framework of governmentally regulated meat inspections in Tataouine slaughterhouses.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"216"}}