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The objective of this study was to analyse adult\n                      <jats:italic>Hyalomma<\/jats:italic>\n                      ticks that were recently found in the Netherlands.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Hyalomma<\/jats:italic>\n                      ticks were morphologically identified. Cluster analysis, based upon sequence data (\n                      <jats:italic>cox1<\/jats:italic>\n                      barcoding) for molecular identification, and pathogen detection\u00a0were performed. Additionally, a cross-sectional survey of horses was conducted to actively search for\n                      <jats:italic>Hyalomma<\/jats:italic>\n                      ticks in summer 2019. Analysis of temperature was done to assess the possibility of (i) introduced engorged nymphs moulting to adults and (ii) establishment of populations in the Netherlands.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Seventeen adult\n                      <jats:italic>Hyalomma<\/jats:italic>\n                      ticks (one in 2018, eleven in 2019, five in 2020) were found by citizens and reported. Fifteen ticks were detected on horses and two on humans. Twelve were identified as\n                      <jats:italic>H. marginatum<\/jats:italic>\n                      , one as\n                      <jats:italic>H. rufipes<\/jats:italic>\n                      and four, of which only photographic images were available, as\n                      <jats:italic>Hyalomma<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. No Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus or\n                      <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n                      \/\n                      <jats:italic>Theileria<\/jats:italic>\n                      parasites were detected. One adult tick tested positive for\n                      <jats:italic>Rickettsia aeschlimannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      . In the cross-sectional horse survey, no\n                      <jats:italic>Hyalomma<\/jats:italic>\n                      ticks were found. Analysis of temperatures showed that engorged nymphs arriving on migratory birds in spring were able to moult to adults in 2019 and 2020, and that cumulative daily temperatures in the Netherlands were lower than in areas with established\n                      <jats:italic>H. marginatum<\/jats:italic>\n                      populations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our results show that\n                      <jats:italic>Hyalomma<\/jats:italic>\n                      ticks are regularly introduced in the Netherlands as nymphs. Under the Dutch weather conditions,\u00a0these nymphs\u00a0are able to develop to the adult stage, which\u00a0can be sighted by vigilant citizens. Only one human pathogen,\n                      <jats:italic>Rickettsia aeschlimannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      , was found in one of the ticks. The risk of introduction of tick-borne diseases via\n                      <jats:italic>Hyalomma<\/jats:italic>\n                      ticks on migratory birds is considered to be low. Establishment of permanent\n                      <jats:italic>Hyalomma<\/jats:italic>\n                      populations is considered unlikely under the current Dutch climatic conditions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04738-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T09:06:10Z","timestamp":1620378370000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Imported Hyalomma ticks in the Netherlands 2018\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mathilde","family":"Uiterwijk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adolfo","family":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez-Justicia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"van de Vossenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frans","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Overgaauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolf","family":"Nijsse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Dabekaussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arjan","family":"Stroo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hein","family":"Sprong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"4738_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00039","volume":"3","author":"A Gargili","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gargili A, Thangamani S, Bente D. 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