{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:09:09Z","timestamp":1790705349841,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]],"date-time":"2021-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620432000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]],"date-time":"2021-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie (CA) and French National Research Institute for Sustainable development","award":["G950\/320\/BACGL2014\/AO\/PED"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G950\/320\/BACGL2014\/AO\/PED"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Malaria remains a serious public health problem in Cameroon. Implementation of control interventions requires prior knowledge of the local epidemiological situation. Here we report the results of epidemiological and entomological surveys carried out in Tibati, Adamawa Region, Cameroon, an area where malaria transmission is seasonal, 6\u00a0years after the introduction of long-lasting insecticidal bed nets.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Cross-sectional studies were carried out in July 2015 and 2017 in Tibati. Thick blood smears and dried blood spots were collected from asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals in the community and at health centers, respectively, and used for the molecular diagnosis of <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> species. Adult mosquitoes were collected by indoor residual spraying and identified morphologically and molecularly. The infection status of <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> spp. was determined by quantitative PCR, and positivity of PCR-positive samples was confirmed by Sanger sequencing.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Overall malaria prevalence in our study population was 55.0% (752\/1367) and <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> was the most prevalent parasite species (94.3%), followed by <jats:italic>P. malariae<\/jats:italic> (17.7%) and <jats:italic>P. ovale<\/jats:italic> (0.8%); 92 (12.7%) infections were mixed infections. Infection parameters varied according to clinical status (symptomatic\/asymptomatic) and age of the sampled population and the collection sites. Infection prevalence was higher in asymptomatic carriers (60.8%), but asexual and sexual parasite densities were lower. Prevalence and intensity of infection decreased with age in both the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. Heterogeneity in infections was observed at the neighborhood level, revealing hotspots of transmission. Among the 592 <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes collected, 212 (35.8%) were <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>, 172 (29.1%) were <jats:italic>An. coluzzii<\/jats:italic> and 208 (35.1%) were <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>s.s.<\/jats:italic>). A total of 26 (4.39%) mosquito specimens were infected by <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> sp. and the three <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes transmitted <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> at equal efficiency. Surprisingly, we found an <jats:italic>An. coluzzii<\/jats:italic> specimen infected by <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic>, which confirms circulation of this species in Cameroon. The positivity of all 26 PCR-positive <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>-infected mosquitoes was successively confirmed by sequencing analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our study presents the baseline malaria parasite burden in Tibati, Adamawa Region, Cameroon. Our results highlight the high malaria endemicity in the area, and hotspots of disease transmission are identified. Parasitological indices suggest low bednet usage and that implementation of control interventions in the area is needed to reduce malaria burden. We also report for the first time a mosquito vector with naturally acquired <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> infection in Cameroon.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04745-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]],"date-time":"2021-05-08T18:02:43Z","timestamp":1620496963000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Epidemiological and entomological studies of malaria transmission in Tibati, Adamawa region of Cameroon 6\u00a0years following the introduction of long-lasting insecticide nets"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lionel Brice","family":"Feufack-Donfack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elangwe Milo","family":"Sarah-Matio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc Marcel","family":"Abate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aline Gaelle","family":"Bouopda Tuedom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Ngano Bayib\u00e9ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christelle","family":"Maffo Ngou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Claude","family":"Toto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurice Marcel","family":"Sandeu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole Else","family":"Eboumbou Moukoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Ayong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parfait","family":"Awono-Ambene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Morlais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandrine Eveline","family":"Nsango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"4745_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006;75:575\u201381.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04912-1","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633305600000}}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04745-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04745-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04745-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]],"date-time":"2022-10-29T15:08:21Z","timestamp":1667056101000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04745-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4745"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04745-y","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04912-1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 October 2021","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04912-1","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04912-1","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Our study was approved by the Cameroon National Ethics Committee (N\u00b02015\/04\/579\/CE\/NERSH) and by the\u00a0Delegate\u00a0of\u00a0Public\u00a0Health\u00a0from\u00a0Adamaoua\u00a0region\u00a0(N\u00b0029\/L\/RA\/DSP\/SAGE\/BPF\/NGD\/15;735\/L\/RA\/DSP\/SAGE\/BPF\/NGD\/17)\u00a0and\u00a0the\u00a0Health\u00a0Director\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0Evangelical\u00a0Lutheran\u00a0Church (N\u00b0004\/EELC\/OSEELC\/SRH\/15).\u00a0All\u00a0human volunteers were enrolled after providing written informed consent, either by the participants and\/or by their legal guardians. Written informed consent were also provided by household owners prior to mosquito collection. Free malaria treatments with ACT were given to all <i>Plasmodium<\/i>-infected patients as recommended by the Ministry of Health (NMCP).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"247"}}