{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T15:23:49Z","timestamp":1774538629040,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622592000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Canine vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) associated to ticks are among the most important health issues affecting dogs. In Italy, <jats:italic>Ehrlichia canis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Anaplasma<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>Rickettsia conorii<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>s.l.<\/jats:italic>) have been studied in both healthy canine populations and those clinically ill with suspected CVBDs. However, little information is currently available on the overall prevalence and distribution of these pathogens in the country. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and distribution of tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) in clinically suspect dogs from three Italian macro areas during a 15-year period (2006\u20132020).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A large dataset (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200921,992) of serological test results for selected TBPs in three macro areas in Italy was analysed using a Chi-square test to evaluate the associations between the categorical factors (i.e. macro area, region, year, sex and age) and a standard logistic regression model (significance set at <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.05). Serological data were presented as annual and cumulative prevalence, and distribution maps of cumulative positive cases for TBPs were generated.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Of the tested serum samples, 86.9% originated from northern (43.9%) and central (43%) Italy. The majority of the tests was requested for the diagnosis of <jats:italic>E. canis<\/jats:italic> (47%; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200910,334), followed by <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> spp. (35.1%; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20097725), <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>s.l.<\/jats:italic>) (11.6%; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092560) and <jats:italic>Anaplasma<\/jats:italic> spp. (6.2%; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091373). The highest serological exposure was recorded for <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>s.l.<\/jats:italic>) (83.5%), followed by <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> spp. (64.9%), <jats:italic>Anaplasma<\/jats:italic> spp. (39.8%) and <jats:italic>E. canis<\/jats:italic> (28.7%). The highest number of cumulative cases of <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>s.l.<\/jats:italic>) was recorded in samples from Tuscany, central Italy. <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> spp. was more prevalent in the south and on the islands, particularly in dogs on Sicily older than 6\u00a0years, whereas <jats:italic>Anaplasma<\/jats:italic> spp. was more prevalent in the north and <jats:italic>E. canis<\/jats:italic> more prevalent in the south and on the islands.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The results of this study highlight the high seroprevalence and wide distribution of the four TBPs in dogs with clinically suspected CVBDs from the studied regions of Italy. The very high seroprevalence of <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>s.l.<\/jats:italic>) exemplifies a limitation of this study, given the use of clinically suspect dogs and the possibility of cross-reactions when using serological tests. The present research provides updated and illustrative information on the seroprevalence and distribution of four key TBPs, and advocates for integrative control strategies for their prevention.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04772-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T10:08:03Z","timestamp":1622628483000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Seropositivity to canine tick-borne pathogens in a population of sick dogs in Italy"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jairo Alfonso","family":"Mendoza-Roldan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Benelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcos Antonio","family":"Bezerra-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viet-Linh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Conte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Iatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Furlanello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7518-476X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Otranto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"4772_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3316","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00379-10","volume":"48","author":"D Otranto","year":"2010","unstructured":"Otranto D, Testini G, Dantas-Torres F, Latrofa MS, De Paiva Diniz PPV, De Caprariis D, et al. 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