{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T11:40:18Z","timestamp":1790509218756,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623283200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-009732"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-009732"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Cryptosporidiosis causes high morbidity and mortality in children under 2 years of age globally. The lack of an appropriate animal model that mimics the pathogenesis of disease in humans has hampered the development and testing of potential therapeutic options. This study aimed to develop and validate an infant baboon infection model of cryptosporidiosis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Eighteen immunocompetent weaned infant baboons aged 12 to 16\u00a0months were used. The animals were <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093 controls and three experimental groups of <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20095 animals each inoculated with <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/jats:italic> oocysts as follows: group 1: 2\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>, group 2: 2\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>, group 3: 2\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup> followed by daily fecal sampling for oocyst evaluation. Blood sampling for immunological assay was done on the day of infection and weekly thereafter until the end of the experiment, followed by necropsy and histopathology. Statistical analysis was performed using R, SPSS, and GraphPad Prism software. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used for comparison of the means, with <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 considered as a significant difference. Correlation coefficient and probit analysis were also performed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In all experimental animals but not controls, the onset of oocyst shedding occurred between days 2 and 4, with the highest oocyst shedding occurring between days 6 and 28. Histological analysis revealed parasite establishment only in infected animals. Levels of cytokines (TNF-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b3, and IL-10) increased significantly in experimental groups compared to controls.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>For developing a reproducible infant baboon model, 2\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup> oocysts were an effective minimum quantifiable experimental infection dose.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphic abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04804-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T20:03:03Z","timestamp":1623355383000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Successful experimental infant baboon model for childhood cryptosporidiosis studies"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0353-8514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ngalla E.","family":"Jillani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atunga","family":"Nyachieo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel C.","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James Nyabuga","family":"Nyariki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"4804_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1674-8301(11)60001-8","volume":"25","author":"GJ Leitch","year":"2011","unstructured":"Leitch GJ, He Q. 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