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The frequency of this parasite and associated histological changes in the pancreas of dogs are poorly studied. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the frequency of detection and load of amastigotes in the pancreas of<jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>-seropositive dogs and to identify the clinical signs and histological changes associated with parasitism of this organ.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred forty-three dogs from an endemic area in Brazil that tested seropositive for<jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>were studied. The dogs were clinically examined, killed, and necropsied between 2013 and 2014. One fragment of the pancreas was randomly collected for histopathology and immunohistochemistry, and spleen and bone marrow were collected for culture.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>amastigotes were detected in the pancreas of 22 dogs (15.4%) by immunohistochemistry, all exhibiting<jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>parasitism in the spleen and\/or bone marrow. Poor body condition and cachexia were only associated with infection of the pancreas with<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>spp. (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.021) and were found in 40.9% of dogs with pancreatic infection. Anorexia, vomiting, and\/or diarrhea were observed in 9.2% of dogs with pancreatitis. The median parasite load in the pancreas was 1.4 infected macrophages\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. Pancreatic histological changes and their frequencies were: granulomatous pancreatitis (28.0%), lymphoplasmacytic pancreatitis (23.8%), acinar cell degeneration (6.3%), fibrosis (5.6%), hemorrhage (2.1%), eosinophilic pancreatitis (0.7%), suppurative pancreatitis (0.7%), and necrosis (0.7%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present results demonstrate that<jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>is one of the etiological agents of chronic pancreatitis in dogs; however, the frequency of detection and parasite load are low in this organ. The lack of an association of poor body condition and cachexia with pancreatitis and the low frequency of clinical signs commonly associated with pancreatitis suggest that a significant portion of the organ is not affected by this parasite. On the other hand, the association of poor body condition and cachexia with concomitant infection of the pancreas, spleen, and\/or bone marrow with this parasite suggests that these manifestations are the result of a more advanced stage of canine visceral leishmaniasis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Graphic abstract<\/jats:title><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04813-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]],"date-time":"2021-06-12T13:02:53Z","timestamp":1623502973000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Frequency of detection and load of amastigotes in the pancreas of Leishmania infantum-seropositive dogs: clinical signs and histological changes"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"William de Oliveira","family":"Kost","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandro Antonio","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabiano Borges","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Artur Augusto Velho","family":"Mendes Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria de F\u00e1tima","family":"Madeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luciana de Freitas Campos","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raquel de Vasconcellos Carvalhaes","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luiz Cl\u00e1udio","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernanda Nazar\u00e9","family":"Morgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1853-3449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo Caldas","family":"Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"4813_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3296893","author":"RR Ribeiro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ribeiro RR, Michalick MSM, Silva ME, Santos CCP, Fr\u00e9zard FJG, Silva SM. 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