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However, the successes of IRS in the Gran Chaco region straddling Bolivia, Argentina, and Paraguay, have not equalled those in other Southern Cone countries.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study evaluated routine IRS practices and insecticide quality control in a typical endemic community in the Bolivian Chaco.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Alpha-cypermethrin active ingredient (a.i.) captured onto filter papers fitted to sprayed wall surfaces, and in prepared spray tank solutions, were measured using an adapted Insecticide Quantification Kit (IQK\u2122) validated against HPLC quantification methods. The data were analysed by mixed-effects negative binomial regression models to examine the delivered insecticide a.i. concentrations on filter papers in relation to the sprayed wall heights, spray coverage rates (surface area \/ spray time [m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/min]), and observed\/expected spray rate ratios. Variations between health workers and householders\u2019 compliance to empty houses for IRS delivery were also evaluated. Sedimentation rates of alpha-cypermethrin a.i. post-mixing of prepared spray tanks were quantified in the laboratory.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Substantial variations were observed in the alpha-cypermethrin a.i. concentrations delivered; only 10.4% (50\/480) of filter papers and 8.8% (5\/57) of houses received the target concentration of 50\u00a0mg\u2009\u00b1\u200920% a.i.\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      . The delivered concentrations were not related to those in the matched spray tank solutions. The sedimentation of alpha-cypermethrin a.i. in the surface solution of prepared spray tanks was rapid post-mixing, resulting in a linear 3.3% loss of a.i. content per minute and 49% loss after 15\u00a0min. Only 7.5% (6\/80) of houses were sprayed at the WHO recommended rate of 19 m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/min (\u00b1\u200910%), whereas 77.5% (62\/80) were sprayed at a lower than expected rate. The median a.i. concentration delivered to houses was not significantly associated with the observed spray coverage rate. Householder compliance did not significantly influence either the spray coverage rates or the median alpha-cypermethrin a.i. concentrations delivered to houses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Suboptimal delivery of IRS is partially attributable to the insecticide physical characteristics and the need for revision of insecticide delivery methods, which includes training of IRS teams and community education to encourage compliance. The IQK\u2122 is a necessary field-friendly tool to improve IRS quality and to facilitate health worker training and decision-making by Chagas disease vector control managers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04831-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]],"date-time":"2021-06-16T06:03:22Z","timestamp":1623823402000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Indoor residual spraying practices against Triatoma infestans in the Bolivian Chaco: contributing factors to suboptimal insecticide delivery to treated households"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Raquel","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhiannon A. 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Permission to accompany the IRS health workers to record their practices was authorized by SEDES and by the health authorities at provincial (<i>Red de Salud Cordillera,<\/i> Santa Cruz) and municipal (Secretary of Human Development, Camiri) levels, by the Guarani Indigenous District office (<i>Kaami Capitania<\/i>), and by the local community leader and steering committee (Itanambikua community). The purpose of the observing researcher\u2019s presence was fully explained to householders who gave their verbal consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"327"}}