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Identification of potential vector species and their bionomics is crucial for understanding human exposure risk in this setting. Here, we combined longitudinal surveillance with a trap-evaluation study to address knowledge gaps about the ecology and potential for zoonotic spillover of this macaque malaria in Palawan Island.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The abundance, diversity and biting behavior of human-biting\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes were assessed through monthly outdoor human landing catches (HLC) in three ecotypes representing different land use (forest edge, forest and agricultural area) across 8\u00a0months. Additionally, the host preference and biting activity of potential\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      vectors were assessed through comparison of their abundance and capture time in traps baited with humans (HLC, human-baited electrocuting net\u2014HEN) or macaques (monkey-baited trap\u2014MBT, monkey-baited electrocuting net\u2014MEN). All female\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes were tested for the presence of\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      parasites by PCR.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Previously incriminated vectors\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles balabacensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>An. flavirostris<\/jats:italic>\n                      accounted for\u2009&gt;\u200995% of anophelines caught in longitudinal surveillance. However, human biting densities were relatively low (\n                      <jats:italic>An. balabacensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      : 0.34\u20131.20 per night,\n                      <jats:italic>An. flavirostris<\/jats:italic>\n                      : 0\u20132 bites per night). Biting densities of\n                      <jats:italic>An. balabacensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      were highest in the forest edge, while\n                      <jats:italic>An. flavirostris<\/jats:italic>\n                      was most abundant in the agricultural area\n                      <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>\n                      The abundance of\n                      <jats:italic>An. balabacensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>An. flavirostris<\/jats:italic>\n                      was significantly higher in HLC than in MBT. None of the 357 female\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes tested for\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection were positive.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The relatively low density and lack of malaria infection in\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes sampled here indicates that exposure to\n                      <jats:italic>P. knowlesi<\/jats:italic>\n                      in this setting is considerably lower than in neighboring countries (i.e.\u00a0Malaysia), where it is now the primary cause of malaria in humans. Although anophelines had lower abundance in MBTs than in HLCs,\n                      <jats:italic>An. balabacensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>An. flavirostris<\/jats:italic>\n                      were caught by both methods, suggesting they could act as bridge vectors between humans and macaques. These species bite primarily outdoors during the early evening, confirming that insecticide-treated nets are unlikely to provide protection against\n                      <jats:italic>P. knowlesi<\/jats:italic>\n                      vectors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04853-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]],"date-time":"2021-07-07T07:02:53Z","timestamp":1625641373000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The seasonal dynamics and biting behavior of potential Anopheles vectors of Plasmodium knowlesi in Palawan, Philippines"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Richard Paul B.","family":"Malijan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Mechan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Jessie C.","family":"Braganza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristelle Mae R.","family":"Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinand V.","family":"Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majhalia M.","family":"Torno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilfredo E.","family":"Aure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian A.","family":"Bacay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fe Esperanza","family":"Espino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Torr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly M.","family":"Fornace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Drakeley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9625-5176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather M.","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"4853_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30875\/60123dd4-en","volume-title":"World malaria report 2020: 20 years of global progress and challenges","author":"Organization WH","year":"2020","unstructured":"Organization WH. 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Acta Trop. 1997;63(4):209\u201320.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04853-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04853-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04853-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T01:08:34Z","timestamp":1672708114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04853-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4853"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04853-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-561091\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 May 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 July 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the RITM Institutional Review Board (IRB Protocol No. 2012-28) and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Research Ethics Committee (LSHTM ethics ref. 6302), the Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD) (Wildlife Gratuitous Permit No. 2014-02 and Sustainable Environmental Plan Clearance No. RES-103013-007), RITM Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) (Protocol Number: 2012-05) and LSHTM Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body (AWERB) (AWERB Ref: 2012\/8N revised). Consent was obtained from the village leader of Brgy. Bacungan before data collection commenced.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"357"}}