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In endemic areas for both of these CVBPs, the use of systemic ectoparasiticides, such as afoxolaner (NexGard\u00ae; Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health), may have the potential for controlling these infections. The aim of this study was to assess, for the first time, the insecticidal efficacy of NexGard\u00ae in decreasing the transmission of <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic> to sheltered dogs living in a hyperendemic area, compared to the year before treatment, as well as its impact on the abundance of mosquito and sand fly populations.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>All dogs (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009179) enrolled in the study were divided into two groups based on their infection status at enrollment: a non-infected group (G1) and an infected group (G2; infected with <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic> or both). The study was conducted from March 2020 to March 2021. In order to exclude all animals infected with <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic> before March 2020 (sampling time: T0), dogs in G1 were sampled in June (T1; i.e. T0\u2009+\u200990\u00a0days) and in October 2020 (T2; i.e. T0\u2009+\u2009210\u00a0days). From March to September 2020, all animals (G1 and G2) were weighed and treated monthly with NexGard\u00ae. Animals in G1 were tested for the  last\u00a0time in March 2021 (T3; i.e. T0\u2009+\u2009330 days) for assessing post-treatment incidence rate of infection and prevention efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The post-treatment incidence of <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic> was 3.7% (1\/27; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.2\u201318.1) and that of <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic> was 3.6% (3\/83; 95% CI: 1.0\u201310.1). Considering the annual incidence in 2019 and 2020, the protective efficacy against <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic> infections was 94.2 and 64%, respectively. Of the female mosquitoes collected (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009146), only one pool out of 50 tested positive for <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic> DNA, whereas out of 1252 female <jats:italic>Sergentomya minuta<\/jats:italic> specimens collected, only four tested positive for <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic> (0.3%).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Afoxolaner is efficacious in decreasing the rate of transmission of both <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>; however, comparison of the pre- and post-treatment period demonstrated that there was a significant difference only in the seasonal incidences of <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic> infection. Preventive measures are recommended throughout the year in endemic areas to reduce the risk of pathogen transmission to animals and humans.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04883-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T12:04:02Z","timestamp":1627560242000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Efficacy of afoxolaner (NexGard\u00ae) in preventing the transmission of Leishmania infantum and Dirofilaria immitis to sheltered dogs in a highly endemic area"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Rossella","family":"Panarese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Iatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jairo Alfonso","family":"Mendoza-Roldan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Zatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederic","family":"Beugnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7518-476X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Otranto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"4883_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-2-S1-S2","volume":"2","author":"D Otranto","year":"2009","unstructured":"Otranto D, Capelli G, Genchi C. 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